Systems and methods for the stimulation of biological functions in an organism

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides systems, methods and apparatuses for inducing a desired biological response in an organism through the use of one or more repetitive signals from one or a series of LED lights designed to emit the signal with multiple pulsed components. Each component of the signal contains a one or more light color spectrum or wavelength that is within 50 nm of the peak absorption of a photon receptor of the organism corresponding to the desired biological response. Each component has a repetitive ON duration with an OFF duration and an intensity where the relationship between the ON duration and OFF duration of the first component and the second component induces the desired response in the organism through the stimulation or excitation of a molecule associated with a photoreceptor and the reset of the molecule.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED MATTER

The present application claims priority to PCT Application No. PCT/US20/66007 as filed on Dec. 18, 2020 and U.S. Application No. 62/951,241, as filed on Dec. 20, 2019, the entire contents of both applications are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.

SUMMARY

The following embodiments and aspects thereof are described and illustrated in conjunction with systems, tools and methods, which are meant to be exemplary and illustrative, not limiting in scope.

An embodiment of the present invention comprises a method for inducing a desired biological response in an organism, wherein the method comprises identifying the desired biological response of the organism; providing a signal from an LED light comprising at least two components, wherein the first component is a biological response stimulation component comprised of a single color spectrum within 50 nm of the peak absorption of a photon receptor of the organism corresponding to the desired biological response, and wherein the second component is a biological response reset component comprised of a single color spectrum within 50 nm of the peak absorption of a photon receptor of the organism corresponding to the desired biological response through the stimulation and reset of the organisms photon receptor; and wherein the signal is emitted from the LED light toward the organism and wherein the relationship between the first component and the second component induce the desired biological response of the organism.

An embodiment of the present invention comprises a method for inducing a desired biological response in an organism, wherein the method comprises identifying the desired biological response of the organism; providing a signal from an LED light comprising at least three components which comprises at least two initiation components and at least one reset component, wherein a first of the at least two initiation components is a biological response stimulation component comprised of a single color spectrum within 50 nm of the peak absorption of a photon receptor of the organism corresponding to the desired biological response and wherein the second of the at least two initiation components is a biological response stimulation component comprised of a single color spectrum within 50 nm of the peak absorption of a photon receptor of the organism corresponding to the desired biological response and wherein at least one aspect of the second of the at least two initiation components is different from the first of the at least two initiation components, and wherein the reset component is a biological response reset component comprised of a single color spectrum within 50 nm of the peak absorption of a photon receptor of the organism corresponding to the desired biological response through the reset of a photon receptor; and wherein the signal is emitted from the LED light toward the organism and wherein the relationship between the at least component and the second component induce the desired biological response of the organism.

An embodiment of the present invention comprises a method for confirming the stimulation of a desired biological response in an organism, wherein the method comprises identifying the desired biological response of the organism; providing a signal from an LED light comprising at least two components, wherein the first component is a biological response stimulation component comprised of a single color spectrum within 50 nm of the peak absorption of a photon receptor of the organism corresponding to the desired biological response, and wherein the second component is a biological response reset component comprised of a single color spectrum within 50 nm of the peak absorption of a photon receptor of the organism corresponding to the desired biological response; and wherein the signal is emitted from the LED light toward the organism and wherein the relationship between the first component and the second component induces a biological response of the organism; monitoring the biological response of the organism and adjusting the relationship between the first component and the second component to obtain or improve the desired response.

An embodiment of the present invention comprises a method for confirming the stimulation of a desired biological response in an organism, wherein the method comprises identifying the desired biological response of the organism; providing a signal from an LED light comprising at least two components, wherein the first component is a biological response stimulation component comprised of a single color spectrum within 50 nm of the peak absorption of a photon receptor of the organism corresponding to the desired biological response, and wherein the second component is a biological response reset component comprised of a single color spectrum within 50 nm of the peak absorption of a photon receptor of the organism corresponding to the desired biological response; and wherein the signal is emitted from the LED light toward the organism and wherein the relationship between the first component and the second component induce a biological response of the organism; and using a light meter to monitor the signal from the LED light to determine the color spectrum, pulse rate and intensity of the first component and the second component of the signal.

A method for controlling one or more biological functions of an organism, the method comprising: illuminating at least one organism with at least one LED light within a dark structure with zero external light, wherein the LED light emits a signal, wherein the signal is comprised of two or more components working in coordination, wherein the first component of the signal is a biological response initiation component which provides one or more photon pulses of one or more colors that initiates the stimulation of a biological response, where each pulse has one or more frequencies and one or more intensities where said first component initiates the biological response of the organism, where the one or more photon pulses of the first component are followed by one or more pulses of a second component where the second component is a biological response reset component, with one or more pulses composed of one or more colors and one or more frequencies and intensities, wherein the coordination of the first and second components within said signal results in a change in the regulation of a biological response in said organism.

A method of stimulating a biological response in an organism in a controlled environment that includes providing a lighting assembly having a network of lighting elements such as LED lights that provides light of one or more colors tailored for an individual organism. The lighting assembly is positioned adjacent an organism such that the light produced is received by the organism. The lighting assembly additionally has a control assembly that includes driving circuitry that modulates the lighting elements to controllably provide predetermined periods of light and dark to stimulate biological responses in an organism.

An embodiment of the present invention provides a method of inducing a desired response in an organism, the method comprising: providing a system for pulsing photon signals toward an organism comprising: at least one LED light, where each of the at least one LED lights is configured to produce a photon signal directed toward the organism, where the photon signal comprises at least one response initiating photon component and one reset photon component, where the at least one response initiating photon component has one or more photon pulse ON durations with one or more intensities, has one or more photon pulse OFF durations, and a wavelength color; where the one or more ON durations of the one or more response initiating photon component is between 0.01 microseconds and 5000 milliseconds and where the one or more OFF durations of the one or more response initiating photon component is between 0.1 microseconds and 24 hours; and where the reset photon component has one or more ON durations with one or more intensities, has one or more OFF durations, and a wavelength color that is different from the wavelength color of the one or more response initiating component; where the one or more durations ON of the reset component is between 0.01 microseconds and 5000 milliseconds and where the one or more OFF durations of the reset component is between 0.1 microseconds and 24 hours; where the one or more response initiating photon component and the reset photon component are produced within the signal simultaneously; where the ON duration of the reset photon component is initiated after the completion of the one or more ON durations of the one or more response initiating photon component; and wherein the one or more response initiating photon component and the reset photon component are repeated within the signal after the completion of the OFF duration of the reset photon component; and emitting the signal toward the organism, where the combined effect of the signal induces a desired response within said organism.

An embodiment of the present invention provides a system for inducing a desired response in an organism comprising: at least one LED, where each of the at least one LED lights is configured to produce a photon signal directed toward the organism, where the photon signal comprises at least one response initiating photon component and one reset photon component, where the at least one response initiating photon component has one or more photon pulse ON durations with one or more intensities, has one or more photon pulse OFF durations, and a wavelength color; where the one or more ON durations of the one or more response initiating photon component is between 0.01 microseconds and 5000 milliseconds and where the one or more OFF durations of the one or more response initiating photon component is between 0.1 microseconds and 24 hours; and where the reset photon component has one or more ON durations with one or more intensities, has one or more OFF durations, and a wavelength color that is different from the wavelength color of the one or more response initiating component; where the one or more durations ON of the reset component is between 0.01 microseconds and 5000 milliseconds and where the one or more OFF durations of the reset component is between 0.1 microseconds and 24 hours; where the one or more response initiating photon component and the reset photon component are produced within the signal simultaneously; where the ON duration of the reset photon component is initiated after the completion of the one or more ON durations of the one or more response initiating photon component; and wherein the one or more response initiating photon component and the reset photon component are repeated within the signal after the completion of the OFF duration of the reset photon component; and where the combined effect of the signal induces a desired response within said organism.

Another embodiment of the present invention comprises a method for inducing desired response in an organism, where the method comprises: providing at least one photon emission modulation controller and at least one LED light; communicating a command from the at least one photon emission modulation controller to the at least one LED light; providing a photon signal to the organism, where the photon signal comprises one or more independent components, where the one or more independent components comprise: a first independent component comprising a repetitive first modulated photon pulse group, where the first modulated photon pulse group has one or more waveforms, one or more photon pulse ON durations between 0.01 microseconds and five minutes with an intensity sufficient to put an organism in an alias position, has one or more photon pulse OFF durations between 0.1 microseconds and 24 hours, and a wavelength color; and where the signal entrains a change in the temporal perception of the organism in a controlled manner.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification, illustrate some, but not the only or exclusive, example embodiments and/or features. It is intended that the embodiments and figures disclosed herein are to be considered illustrative rather than limiting.

FIG. 1 is a flow chart showing an example method for inducing and resetting a desired biological response in an organism.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example method for inducing and resetting a biological response in a mammal.

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an example method for inducing and resetting a biological response in birds with the stitching of recipes.

FIG. 4 is a sample photon signal with at least two components, where the first component is made up of multiple color spectrums and intensities.

FIG. 5 is a sample photon signal with at least two components.

FIG. 6 is an example of a biological response initiating component of the photon signal which may include a constant ON photon pulse.

FIG. 7 is an example of adjusting the relationship between the components of a photon signal to improve or maximize the biological response of an organism.

FIG. 8 is a diagram of lighting Option 1 as described in Table 4.

FIG. 9 is a diagram of lighting Option 2 as described in Table 4.

FIG. 10 is a diagram of lighting Option 3 as described in Table 4.

FIG. 11 is a diagram of lighting Option 4 as described in Table 4.

FIG. 12 is a diagram of lighting Option 5 as described in Table 4.

FIG. 13 is a diagram of lighting Option 7 as described in Table 4.

FIG. 14 is a diagram of lighting Option 8 as described in Table 4.

FIG. 15 is a diagram of lighting Option 9 as described in Table 4.

FIG. 16 is a diagram of lighting Option 11 as described in Table 4.

FIG. 17 is a diagram of lighting Option 13 as described in Table 4.

FIG. 18 is a Graph of melatonin concentrations in ng/mL. The control light is shown in the “Subject 1 w/o” and lights as described herein is shown in “Subject 1, w”. All concentrations were calculated based on the standards shown in FIG. 20 .

FIG. 19 is a Melatonin Elisa Kit Standard Curve showing the concentrations ranging from 0.04 ng/mL to 50 ng/mL. The reading of blank is not show on the plot because of the log-scale of the X axis.

FIG. 20 is a graph of bovine melatonin concentrations in ng/mL with and without lighting. The control light is shown in the “Bull 1 w/o” and lights as described herein are shown in “Bull 1, w”. All concentrations shown are averages taken from replicate samples. All concentrations were calculated based on the standards shown in FIG. 22 .

FIG. 21 is a graph showing a comparison of cherry tomato the total weight grams grown under a T5 control and lighting recipe AB 3.19 of the present disclosure.

FIG. 22 is a graph showing a comparison of shrimp growth under three photon signal recipes of the current disclosure in comparison with a control.

FIG. 23 is a graph showing a second increase in egg production in birds with a change in photon signal recipe.

FIG. 24 is a graph showing the effect of a 30% change in intensity in egg production between weeks 37 and 38.

FIG. 25 shows a plot of two different sinusoids that fit the same set of samples. As shown in FIG. 25 , when fs<2f, the sampled frequency signal of 1.1f appears to have a different frequency than the original input frequency.

FIG. 26 shows a plot of when fs<2f, the sampled frequency signal of 1.9f appears to have a different frequency than the original input frequency.

FIG. 27 shows a plot of when fs>2f or fs=2f, the sampled frequency signal of 2.0f appears to have the same frequency as the original input frequency.

FIG. 28 shows a plot of when fs>2f or fs=2f, the sampled frequency signal of 2.0f appears to have the same frequency as the original input frequency.

FIG. 29 shows a plot of two different sinusoids that fit the same set of samples with the negative portion of the frequency input removed. When fs<2f, the sampled frequency signal of 1.1f appears to have a different frequency than the original input frequency.

FIG. 30 shows a plot of two different sinusoids that fit the same set of samples with the negative portion of the frequency input removed. When fs<2f, the sampled frequency signal of 1.1f appears to have a different frequency than the original input frequency.

FIG. 31 shows a graph of a single component of far red with a shift of intensity from 100% to 50%.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide systems, methods and apparatuses for inducing a desired biological response in an organism such a growth, sexual maturity, hunger, calming as well as the production or reduction of specific hormones in an organism through the stimulation and reset of photoreceptors in an organism. The embodiments provided herein include the use of one or more repetitive signals from one or a series of LED lights designed to emit the signal with multiple pulsed components, with at least one component that initiates or stimulates a biological response and at least one component that resets the biological response. Each component of the signal contains a photon pulse of at least one light color spectrum or wavelengths that is within 50 nm of the peak absorption of a photoreceptor of the organism corresponding to one or more desired biological responses. Each component further contains has a repetitive photon pulse ON duration as well as an OFF duration and at least one intensity. The relationship between the photon pulse ON and OFF durations of the first component and the second component induces at least one desired biological response in the organism. The signal's first component initiates the biological response and the second component resets the biological response (while additional components may assist with additional biological responses or improving the quality of the biological response) allowing the organism to efficiently receive and process photons from the one or more LED lights in an efficient manner that allows the organism to continuously and efficiently produce the biological response. The biological response can be improved or changed by adjusting the ON and OFF durations of each component thereby changing the relationship or correlation between the initiation component and the reset component.

In an embodiment of the current disclosure, a biological response is induced in an organism through the stimulation of a biphasic response in an organism through the pulsing or modulation of photons directed and received by an organism's photoreceptor. Photoreceptors are biological chemicals or proteins that can absorb photons and make a physical change in response, such as a chromophore, cryptochromes, hormones, periods, billins, opsins, certain amino acids or a phytochrome through the stimulation and reset of chemicals in the photoreceptor. By way of example, the cis-trans isomer in a chromophore of an organism may be stimulated by a specific pulsed component with a pulsed photon train having a specific color spectrum, intensity and pulse rate, allowing for the stimulation of the cis isomer followed by a reset pulsed component with a pulsed photon train having another color spectrum or in some cases, the same color spectrum, an intensity and pulse rate, where this second component resets the isomer through the resetting of the trans isomer.

By way of another example, a conjugated bond in a phytochrome of a plant may be stimulated by a specific pulsed component with a specific color spectrum, intensity and pulse rate, allowing for the stimulation of reaction molecules on the outside of a complex conjugated bond ring followed by a reset pulsed component with another color spectrum or in some cases, the same color spectrum, an intensity and pulse rate, where this second component resets the reaction molecules of the outside of a complex conjugated bond ring.

Photoreceptors, such as chromophore, cryptochromes, hormones, periods, billins, opsins, certain amino acids or a phytochrome (plants), are receptors in an organism that receive photons or lighting in specific wavelengths or colors associated with specific biological responses and are adapted to receive photons of specific color spectrums. The color spectrums and the associated biological responses are specific to an organism. Through the emission of pulsed or modulated photons with a signal from an LED light with a light color spectrum or wavelength that is within 50 nm of the peak absorption of a photoreceptor of the organism, the biological response of the organism can be stimulated and regulated. Based on the response of the organism, the signal and the components within a signal can be adjusted to improve or maximize the desired response. This happens very slowly in nature with natural sunlight causing biological changes in days and seasons. This invention takes advantage of the same biological functions inherent in the organism but by controlling these reactions and forcing them to take place in non-natural faster pulsed timing creating increased control over the biological function.

Chromophores, such as opsins, flavins, and cryptochromes, are photoreceptors that facilitate the absorption of light or photons, particularly blues and green. Visible light that hits the chromophore can be absorbed by exciting an electron from its ground state into an excited state. In certain molecules, chromophores cause a conformational change of the molecule when hit by light.

Opsins are a light sensitive cis-molecule that is photoisomerized to all trans-isomer, thus producing a change in protein conformation and initiating a signaling cascade.

While flavins and flavoproteins contain a chromophore such as riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide, or flavin adenine dinucleotide can carry out redox reactions when excited by light. Cryptochromes are a special subclass of flavoproteins that act as blue light receptors in plants, animals, and even humans.

Phytochromes are shown to be present in all terrestrial plants as well as most green algal. Phytochrome are red/far-red light sensors. In angiosperms, the phytochrome family consists of two types, a light-stable type I and a light-stable type II. In dicots, the phytochrome family consists of five members designated from phyA, phyB, phyC, phyD and phyE. The phytochrome family in grasses contains three different phytochromes designated as phyA, phyB, and phyC.

Phytochromes chromoproteins where the apoprotein is attached to a billin chromophore, forming a holoprotein. Phytochromes, when receiving a red photon signal change the conformation from the inactive to the active form. The inactive form resides in the cytosol, while the active form of all phytochromes translocates into the nucleus. In the cytosol, the active forms of phytochromes have been shown to regulate the translation of mRNA. However, in the nucleus, phytochromes interact with multiple partners to modulate the transcription of downstream target genes to mediate light responses. One of the pivotal interacting partners for phytochromes are phytochrome interacting factors. Phytochrome interacting factors are encoded by a subset of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor superfamily. PIFs function as negative regulators of light responses by repressing photomorphogenesis and maintaining the skotomorphogenic state of the etiolated seedlings in darkness. Upon exposure to light, phytochromes promote the turnover of PIFs through rapid phosphorylation, ubiquitination.

Cryptochrome is a photoreceptor that has been shown to control circadian rhythm in both mammals and insects through the interaction of the cryptochrome and clock genes as well as genes associated with magnetic orientation.

Confirming that the organism is producing the proper biological response is also an aspect of the current disclosure and if the organism is not producing the desired response, then adjusting the photon signal and the relationship of the component to improve or maximize the organism's biological response (shown in FIG. 7 ). For example, a signal is emitted toward a bird with the desired response improved egg quality using a recipe such as a near red initiation component and a far-red component with both components having a 50 us ON duration and a delay of 200 us the OFF of the near red and the initiation of the far red. The birds are in a dark structure and after illumination by the LED light with near red and far red components, the bird is producing eggs with poor egg quality, such as a thin or thick shell, the lighting recipe can be adjusted to change the relationship between the two signal components, such as reducing the time frame between the near red component going OFF and the far red component going ON.

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide systems, apparatuses and methods for controlling the biological functions of organisms through the use of repetitive photon pulses within one or more photon signals directed toward an organism in order to change or adjust the temporal perception of the organism. As will be discussed in further detail, by controlling the duty cycle, intensity, wavelength band, waveform and frequency of photon signals to an organism, one can put the organism in an alias position such that one or more biological functions can be controlled.

A variety of “LED lights”, light emitting devices or lighting assembly capable of producing a modulated emission of photons or a constant form (in conjunction with a modulated form) pulsed with “ON durations” that refer to the duration when an LED light is emitting photons or light. And the corresponding “OFF duration”, referring to the duration where and LED light is not emitting photons or light to send a repetitive pulse, waveform or pulse train of photons, where each individual pulse comprises at least one color spectrum, wavelength or multiple color spectrums or wavelengths and is capable varying intensities. A number of LED lights maybe used with the disclosure provided herein, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, including but not limited to, modulation of incandescent lights such as Tungsten-halogen and Xenon, Fluorescent (CFL's), high intensity discharge such as Metal Halide, High-Pressure Sodium, Low-Pressure Sodium, Mercury Vapor, sunlight, light emitting diodes.

The LED lights produce or emit a wavelength, wavelengths or color spectrum ranging from 0.1 to 1600 nm in width including, but not limited to, infrared, red, with near and far red (800-620 nm), orange (620-590 nm), yellow (590 to 520 nm) green, cyan (520 to 500), blue (500 to 435) violet and ultra violet (450 to 380 nm) and white light. Photoreceptors of organisms are capable of absorbing specific wavelengths which stimulate chemical reactions within the organism to stimulate a specific biological response as well as reset the isomer or bond to reset the biological response.

As used herein, the term “ON duration” or “ON durations”, refer to the duration when an LED light is emitting photons or light, where the durations of emission can be between 0.01 microseconds and 5000 milliseconds.

As used herein, the term “OFF duration” or “OFF durations” refers to the duration where an LED light is not emitting photons or light.

As used herein, “organism” may include, but is not limited to, humans, ungulates, including but not limited to cattle, horses, camels, pigs, deer, elk, alpacas, lamas, and moose, carnivores, including but not limited to bears, the weasel family, dogs, cats, wolves, lions, tigers, skunks, rodents, including but not limited to rats, mice, and beaver, chiropteras, including but not limited to bats, marsupials, including but not limited to kangaroos and opossums and cetacean, including, whales and dolphins, chickens, grouse, quail, pheasant, quail, parrots, water fowl, geese, swans, doves, organisms of prey, song organisms, turkey, owls, vultures, penguins, humming birds, ostrich, duck, mollusks, such as clams, oysters, octopuses, squid, snails; arthropods such as millipedes, centipedes, insects, spiders, scorpions, crabs, lobsters, shrimp; annelids, such as earthworms and leeches; sponges; and jellyfish, microorganisms, algae, bacteria, fungi, gymnosperms, angiosperms and pteridophytes, citrus, table grapes, wine grapes, bananas, papaya, Cannabis sp., coffee, goji berries, figs, avocados, guava, pineapple, raspberries, blueberries, olives, pistachios, pomegranate, artichokes and almonds; vegetables such as artichokes, asparagus, bean, beets, broccoli, Brussel sprouts, Chinese cabbage, head cabbage, mustard cabbage, cantaloupe, carrots, cauliflower, celery, chicory, collard greens, cucumbers, daikon, eggplant, endive, garlic, herbs, honey dew melons, kale, lettuce (head, leaf, romaine), mustard greens, okra, onions (dry & green), parsley, peas (sugar, snow, green, black-eyed, crowder, etc.), peppers (bell, chile), pimento, pumpkin, radish, rhubarb, spinach, squash, sweet corn, tomatoes, turnips, turnip greens, watercress, and watermelons; flowering type bedding plants, including, but not limited to, Ageratum, Alyssum, Begonia, Celosia, Coleus, dusty miller, Fuchsia, Gazania, Geraniums, gerbera daisy, Impatiens, Marigold, Nicotiana, pansy/Viola, Petunia, Portulaca, Salvia, Snapdragon, Verbena, Vinca, and Zinnia; potted flowering plants including, but not limited to, African violet, Alstroemeria, Anthurium, Azalea, Begonia, Bromeliad, Chrysanthemum, Cineraria, Cyclamen, Daffodil/Narcissus, Exacum, Gardenia, Gloxinia, Hibiscus, Hyacinth, Hydrangea, Kalanchoe, Lily, Orchid, Poinsettia, Primula, regal pelargonium, rose, tulip, Zygocactus/Schlumbergera; foliage plants including, but not limited to, Aglaonema, Anthurium, Bromeliad, Opuntia, cacti and succulents, Croton, Dieffenbachia, Dracaena, Epipremnum, ferns, ficus, Hedera (Ivy), Maranta/Calathea, palms, Philodendron, Schefflera, Spathiphyllum, and Syngonium. cut flowers including, but not limited to, Alstroemeria, Anthurium, Aster, bird of paradise/Strelitzia, calla lily, carnation, Chrysanthemum, Daffodil/Narcissus, daisy, Delphinium, Freesia, gerbera daisy, ginger, Gladiolus, Godetia, Gypsophila, heather, iris, Leptospermum, Liatris, lily, Limonium, Lisianthus, Orchid, Protea, Rose, Statice, Stephanotis, Stock, Sunflower, Tulip; cut cultivated greens including, but not limited to, plumosus, tree fern, boxwood, soniferous greens, Cordyline, Eucalyptus, hedera/Ivy, holly, leatherleaf ferns, Liriope/Lilyturf, Myrtle, Pittosporum, Podocarpus; deciduous shade trees including, but not limited to, ash, birch, honey locust, linden, maple, oak, poplar, sweet gum, and willow; deciduous flowering trees including, but not limited to, Amelanchier, callery pea, crabapple, crapemyrtle, dogwood, flowering cherry, flowering plum, golden rain, hawthorn, Magnolia, and redbud; broadleaf evergreens including, but not limited to, Azalea, cotoneaster, Euonymus, holly, Magnolia, Pieris, Privet, Rhododendron, and Viburnum; coniferous evergreens including, but not limited to, Arborvitae, cedar, cypress, fir, hemlock, juniper, pine, spruce, yew; deciduous shrubs and other ornamentals including, but not limited to, buddleia, hibiscus, lilac, Spirea, Viburnum, Weigela, ground cover, bougainvillea, clematis and other climbing vines, and landscape palms; fruit and nut plants including, but not limited to, citrus and subtropical fruit trees, deciduous fruit and nut trees, grapevines, strawberry plants, other small fruit plants, other fruit and nut trees; cut fresh, strawberries, wildflowers, transplants for commercial production, and aquatic plants; pteridophyte plants including, but not limited to ferns and fungi including but not limited to basidiomycetes, ascomycetes, and sacchromycetes. The system of the present disclosure provides a photon pulse for both C3 and C4 photosystems as well as “CAM” plants (Crassulacean acid metabolism), cyanobacteria or eukaryotic green algae or other organisms.

As will be discussed in further detail, the modulation or pulsing of photons or light from an LED light to an organism, can stimulate or influence a variety of desired biological responses or functions, including but not limited to, calmness, aggression, socialization, sleep patterns, wakefulness, fertility, ovulation, hunger, feed conversion, egg production, egg weight, egg shell quality, egg nutrients, egg weight distribution, sexual maturity, organism mass, milk production, reduction of hypokalemia, reduction of dystocia, reduction of hypocalcemia, reduction of inflammation, hormone production, behavior and socialization, morphology, root, tissue or hyphal growth, vegetative growth, flower or fruiting body production, fruit, spore or seed production, stopping growth, elongation of a specific plant part, repairing an organism or destruction of the organism and interpolation of circadian inputs. Examples include, but are not limited to; creating a signal with one, two or more components of electro-magnetic wave emission pulse trains (photons or light) of individual color spectrums in sufficient intensity to drive photochemical response in an organism to control a desired biological function, using the relationship between the timing of ON durations of at least two components within a repetitive signal. Specifically, by providing a signal with one or multiple repetitive photons or light pulses at specific combination of rates relative to the timing of the ON duration of each component, including intensities, waveforms, photochemical responses by organisms can be stimulated and optimized and adjusted controlled or determined manner.

While the pulsing of photons to photoreceptors are designed to stimulate a biological response along with a reset of the photoreceptor, the monitoring of the biological response also is an aspect of the present disclosure that is helpful in improving the biological response. By monitoring organisms for infertility, lack of ovulation, lack of hunger, poor food conversion, poor body weight, poor egg production, poor egg quality, thin egg shells, thick egg shells, lack of sexual maturity, poor milk production, dystocia, dehydration, piling or refusal to move from a particular location, reduced or increased hormone production, agitation or aggressive, death, lack of growth, poor flower, seed or fruit production and lack of interpolation of circadian inputs, all may be indicators that the relationship between the components of a signal may need to be adjusted to improve the desired biological response.

As used herein a wireless network is a computer network that uses wireless data connections between network nodes. Wireless networking is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and business installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations) Wireless telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using radio communication. This implementation takes place at the physical level (layer) of the OSI model network structure. Examples of wireless networks include cell phone network, wireless local area networks (WLANs), ad hoc wireless networks, wireless sensor networks, Bluetooth, ZigBee, mesh network, satellite communication networks, and terrestrial microwave networks.

As used herein a mesh network (or simply meshnet) is a local network topology in which the infrastructure nodes (i.e. LED lights, bridges, switches, and other infrastructure devices) connect directly, dynamically and non-hierarchically to as many other nodes as possible and cooperate with one another to efficiently route data from/to clients. This lack of dependency on one node allows for every node to participate in the relay of information. Mesh networks dynamically self-organize and self-configure, which can reduce installation overhead. The ability to self-configure enables dynamic distribution of workloads, particularly in the event that a few nodes should fail. This in turn contributes to fault-tolerance and reduced maintenance costs

As used herein a gateway may be a networking device that provides connection with the outside world (“host”) as well as omnidirectional control and communication with a wired or wireless lighting network, a mesh lighting network, a network of sensors, environmental controls or a combination thereof and allows them to communicate in a synchronous or asynchronous manner.

As used herein, a master is a device with omnidirectional control and communication with one or more other devices, such as LED lights, sensors or environmental controller in a lighting system.

As used herein, “duty cycle” is the length of time it takes for a device to go through a complete ON/OFF cycle or photon signal. Duty cycle is the percent of time that an entity spends in an active state as a fraction of the total time under consideration. The term duty cycle is often used pertaining to electrical devices, such as switching power supplies. In an electrical device, a 60% duty cycle means the power is on 60% of the time and off 40% of the time. An example duty cycle of the present disclosure may range from 0.01% to 90% including all integers in between.

As used herein “frequency” is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time and any frequency may be used in the system of the present disclosure. Frequency may also refer to a temporal frequency. The repeated period is the duration of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency.

As used herein, the term “waveform” refers to the shape of a graph of the varying quantity against time or distance.

As used herein, the term “pulse wave” or “pulse train” is a kind of waveform that is similar to a square wave, but does not have the symmetrical shape associated with a perfect square wave. It is a term common to synthesizer programming and is a typical waveform available on many synthesizers. The exact shape of the wave is determined by the duty cycle of the oscillator. In many synthesizers, the duty cycle can be modulated (sometimes called pulse-width modulation) for a more dynamic timbre. The pulse wave is also known as the rectangular wave, the periodic version of the rectangular function. The wave can be one of many shapes such as trapezoid, square, sawtooth or sinusoidal.

As used herein, the term “offset” means an ON or OFF duration of a pulse that is initiated at a different timing from the ON or OFF duration of another pulse. By way of, example a first photon pulse may be initiated at the start of a repetitive cycle or duty cycle with a second photon pulse.

As used herein, Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a local power source (such as a battery) and may operate hundreds of meters from the RFID reader. Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method of automatic identification and data capture (AIDC).

As used herein, Ethernet, is a family of computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN) and wide area networks (WAN).^([1]) It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3, and has since retained a good deal of backward compatibility and been refined to support higher bit rates and longer link distances. Over time, Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies such as Token Ring, FDDI and ARCNET.

As used herein, “Bluetooth” is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices over short distances using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the industrial, scientific and medical radio bands, from 2.400 to 2.485 GHz, and building personal area networks (PANs). It was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables.

As used herein, “Zigbee” is an IEEE 802.15.4-based specification for a suite of high-level communication protocols used to create personal area networks with small, low-power digital radios, such as for home automation, medical device data collection, and other low-power low-bandwidth needs, designed for small scale projects which need wireless connection. Hence, Zigbee is a low-power, low data rate, and close proximity (i.e., personal area) wireless ad hoc network.

As used therein, photons are massless, elementary particles with no electric charge. Photons are emitted from a variety of sources such as molecular and nuclear processes, the quantum of light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. Photon energy can be absorbed by phytochromes in living mammals and convert it into an electrochemical signal which manipulates a metabolite or other chemical reaction.

As used herein, cis-trans isomers are stereoisomers, that is, pairs of molecules which have the same formula but whose functional groups are rotated into a different orientation in three-dimensional space. This phenomenon can be seen in the vision opsin chromophore in humans. The absorption of a photon of light results in the photoisomerisation of the chromophore from the 11-cis to an all-trans conformation. The photoisomerization induces a conformational change in the opsin protein, causing the activation of the phototransduction cascade. The result is the conversion of rhodopsin into prelumirhodopsin with an all-trans chromophore. The opsin remains insensitive to light in the trans form. The change is followed by several rapid shifts in the structure of the opsin and also changes in the relation of the chromophore to the opsin. It is regenerated by the replacement of the all-trans retinal by a newly synthesized 11-cis-retinal provided from the retinal epithelial cells. This reversible and rapid chemical cycle is responsible for the identification and reception to color in humans. Similar biochemical processes exist in mammals. Phytochromes and pheophytins behave very similarly to opsins in that they can be rapidly regulated to switch between the cis and trans configurations by dosing with differing wavelengths of light.

For chromophores, chromophores are made up of a number of conjugated bonds and when a photon having a specific color hits a chromophore molecule, the photon is absorbed by the molecule and photon excites electrons in the molecule and transfers energy from the photon to the molecule resulting, in an excited state in the molecule. The excitation of the molecule results in the reset or delocalization of the conjugated bonds. In chlorophyll, the use of a far-red component is sufficient to reset the conjugated bonds of an excited molecule of a chromophore allowing for the molecule to reset to allow for it to receive photons and return to an excited state.

Regulation of Hormones

The hypothalamus functions as the coordinating center of the endocrine system in organisms such as vertebrates. Inputs from the somatic and autonomic nervous system, peripheral endocrine feedback, and environmental cues such as light and temperature are processed in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus then affects the function of multiple endocrinologic systems via hypothalamic-pineal interaction (via the suprachiasmatic nucleus) and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus is responsible for control of the circadian rhythm, temperature regulation, and metabolism. Hypothalamic hormones also affect pituitary hormone production. Pituitary hormones control adrenal, thyroid, and gonadal function in addition to water balance, growth, modification of behavior, reproduction cycling, hair growth, calming or metabolism rates. and milk production.

The hypothalamus is located in the middle of the head. It is posterior to the eyes and sits just below the third ventricle and above the optic chiasm and pituitary gland. Afferent inputs to the hypothalamus originate from the brainstem, thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, olfactory areas, and the optic nerve. Efferent pathways go to the brainstem reticular centers, autonomic nervous system, thalamus, pineal gland, median eminence, and the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial tract which connects the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei to nerve terminal in the posterior pituitary.

In mammals, the eye functions as the primary source of photoreceptors and subsequently light input. This primarily occurs through the rods/cones in the retina that utilize opsin-based proteins (chromophores). Rhodopsin in the best known of these photoreceptors in mammals. A novel photopigment, melanopsin, has also been identified in retinal ganglion cells named ipRGCs (intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells), but do not have classic photoreceptive tasks. Opsins are known to be widely expressed in other mammalian tissues but the utility and function of these is not as well documented. OPN3 is one example of an extraocular opsin. OPN3 is expressed in the brain, testis, liver, placenta, heart, lung, muscle, kidney, pancreas, scrotum and skin.

Visual photoreceptors take light input from the eye and turn this into an electrical impulse that is then sent through the optic nerve. Many of these cells continue to the visual center of the brain in the occipital lobe but some of the neurons traverse to the Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) within the hypothalamus. The SCN serves as the main controller of the circadian rhythm in humans through the expression of “clock genes”. These “clock genes” transcribe various proteins that result in control of multiple behavioral and physiological rhythms including locomotion, sleep-wake cycles, thermoregulation, cardiovascular function, and many endocrine processes.

Additional hypocretin-producing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus respond to the nutritional status of the organism and light cues from the SCN to stimulate alertness, appetite, and feeding behaviors. Disturbances of these cycles can result in abnormalities of metabolism that lead to obesity and metabolic syndrome (diabetes type II, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension).

A multi-synaptic pathway utilizing the sympathetic nervous system from the SCN to the pineal gland controls release of melatonin from the pineal gland. Melatonin is derived from serotonin which itself is derived from the amino acid tryptophan. Melatonin is directly involved in the regulation of the circadian rhythm but also has a key role in the reproductive physiology of mammals. Specific effects include changes in sperm count, changes in progesterone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, and thyroid levels. Melatonin can also inhibit sex drive and alter menstruation. Photoperiod directly correlates to melatonin release and the resulting timing of breeding season in mammals. Melatonin also affects the sleep-wake cycle, can decrease motor activity, lower body temperature, and induce fatigue.

Regulation and release of other hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary can also be affected by complex pathways that involve the SCN. The hypothalamus releases hormones that travel down the pituitary stalk to the pituitary gland. These hormones then cause release or inhibition of pituitary hormones. Pituitary hormones then express their effect widely throughout the body. Examples of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones are shown in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1 Hypothalamic Hormones Pituitary Hormones Corticotropin-releasing hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Corticotropin-releasing hormone Endorphins Growth hormone releasing hormone Growth hormone Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Prolactin-releasing factors (serotonin, Prolactin acetylcholine, opiates, & estrogens) Somatostatin Inhibits release of growth hormone Prolactin-inhibiting factors Inhibits release of prolactin (dopamine)

Table 2 below describes the effects of the hormones listed in Table 1:

TABLE 2 Hormone Effect ACTH Stimulates cortisol which increases blood sugar, suppresses the immune system, and affects metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrates Melanocyte-stimulating Stimulates production and release of melanin hormone in skin and hair, suppresses appetite, contributes to sexual arousal Endorphins Inhibits transmission of pain signals, produces feeling of euphoria Growth hormone Promotes cell growth and reproduction, cell regeneration, raises glucose and fatty acids, stimulates production of IGF-1 LH & FSH Triggers ovulation, stimulates production of testosterone, regulation of menstrual cycle, production of sperm TSH Stimulates release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland which affects basal metabolic rate, impacts body temp and vascular dilatation, affects growth and brain development, sexual function, sleepy, thought patterns Prolactin Milk production in females, also plays a role in metabolism, immune system regulation, and pancreatic development Somatostatin Inhibits release of growth hormone

Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a major regulatory component of the circadian rhythm produced in the pineal gland by the amino acid, tryptophan, via a series of hydroxylation and methylation reactions. In response to reduced light, by night-time, a melatonin secretion signal is sent by the optic nerve to the pineal gland which boosts melatonin production. Upon production, melatonin is secreted into the bloodstream and carried throughout the body.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide pituitary hormone. The hormone is synthesized and secreted by the gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland, and has been found to regulate the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body.

Luteinizing hormone is a pituitary hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. In females, a rise in the hormone has been found to trigger ovulation as well as the development of the corpus luteum. In males, the hormone has been found to stimulate production of testosterone.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a 41-amino acid peptide derived from a 196-amino acid preprohormone. CRH is secreted by the hypothalamus in response to stress. Increased CRH production has been observed to be associated with Alzheimer's disease and major depression, and autosomal recessive hypothalamic corticotropin deficiency has multiple and potentially fatal metabolic consequences including hypoglycemia. In addition to being produced in the hypothalamus, CRH is also synthesized in peripheral tissues, such as T lymphocytes, and is highly expressed in the placenta. In the placenta, CRH is a marker that determines the length of gestation and the timing of parturition and delivery. A rapid increase in circulating levels of CRH occurs at the onset of parturition, suggesting that, in addition to its metabolic functions, CRH may act as a trigger for parturition.

The posterior pituitary also functions by releasing hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus. These hypothalamic neurons produce hormones that are mobilized down the axon of the cell and terminate in the posterior pituitary. The main neurohypophysial hormones and their effect are shown in Table 3:

TABLE 3 Vasopression Anti-diuretic action on the kidney, mediates vasoconstriction of the peripheral vessels Oxytocin Mediates contraction of the smooth muscle of the uterus and mammary glands

Given the photoreceptive pathways discussed above, extraocular photoreceptors, as well as the many complex interactions that involve the hypothalamus (pituitary, brain stem, autonomic nervous system, and peripheral endocrine feedback), a number of hormones, including those in Tables 1, 2 and 3 as well as those listed below, may be regulated by the methods and systems described herein through the use of pulsed photon inputs.

In addition to the hormones provided above, number of additional hormones may be regulated in mammals using the methods and systems provided herein, including but not limited to:

A. Amino acid derived hormones such as epinephrine, triidothuyronine and thyroxine.

B. Eicosanoid hormones such as but not limited to leukotrienes.

C. Peptide hormones such as but not limited to amylin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor, and parathyroid hormone.

D. Steroid hormones such as testosterone, estradiol and progesterone.

FIG. 1 shows a flow diagram for an example of a method for inducing a desired biological response in an organism 100. As shown in FIG. 1 , in step 101, the desired biological response of the organism is identified. In step 103, a controller and at least one LED light is provided. The controller provides controls and instructions to the LED light as to the recipe of the photon signal to be emitted toward an organism, as well as instructions in regards to the wavelengths within each component of a signal, ON and OFF durations for each component, and signal intensity. In step 105 a photon signal from the LED light is emitted toward an organism. The signal is comprised of at least two components, a first component that is a biological response stimulation or initiation component comprised of at least one single color spectrum within 50 nm of the peak absorption of a photon receptor of the organism corresponding to the desired biological response. The second component of the signal is a biological response reset component comprised of a single-color spectrum within 50 nm of the peak absorption of a photon receptor of the organism corresponding to the desired biological response through the stimulation and reset of the organism's photon receptor. In step 107, the signal is emitted from the LED light toward the organism. The relationship between the first component and the second component of induce the desired biological response of the organism.

The biological response is induced in an organism through the use of the first component to initiate or stimulate a molecule associated with a photoreceptor in an organism through the pulsing or modulation of photons directed and received by an organism's photoreceptor such as a chromophore or a phytochrome. The initiation component excites the molecule by transferring the energy of the photon to the molecule. The reset component reset the molecule to again be excited by more photons from another initiation component. By way of example, the cis-trans isomer in a chromophore of an organism may be stimulated or excited by a specific pulsed component with a pulsed photon train having a specific color spectrum, intensity and pulse rate, allowing for the stimulation of the cis isomer followed by a reset pulsed component with a pulsed photon train having another color spectrum with different Offset or timing or in some cases, the same color spectrum, an intensity and pulse rate, where this second component resets the isomer through the resetting of the trans isomer.

The effectiveness of the photon signal to produce the desired response in an organism can be confirmed in two ways: the first is to look to see if the organism is actually producing the desired response. If it is not, then the relationship between the components of the photon signal can be adjusted to improve or maximize the organism's biological response (shown in FIG. 7 ). As shown in FIG. 7 , if a signal is emitted toward a bird with the desired response improved egg quality using a recipe such as a near red initiation component and a far-red component with both components having a 50 us ON duration and a delay of 200 us the OFF duration of the near red and the initiation of the far red. The birds are in a dark structure and after illumination by the LED light with near red and far red components, the bird is producing eggs with poor egg quality, such as a thin or thick shell, the lighting recipe can be adjusted to change the relationship between the two signal components, such as reducing the time frame between the near red component going OFF and the far red component going ON.

Another way to confirm the effectiveness of the photon signal directed toward an organism is producing the signal that is needed to produce the desired response is to use a light meter. The light meter can be placed under the LED light used to measure the wavelengths emitted by the LED light, the timing of the pulses of each component and the intensity of the components to confirm the desired photon signal is being emitted or to identify how the photon emission signal needs to be adjusted.

FIG. 2 provides a block diagram showing an example of a method for producing a desired response in a mammal through the use of a signal with at least one initiation component and a reset component 200. As shown in FIG. 2 , an LED light having at least two photon emitting components 106 and 108 is shown over a period of time. The LED s in the light are in communication with a photon emission modulation controller or control assembly (now shown) for the purpose of modulating or pulsing the emission of photons or light to an organism, such as a mammal, bird, reptile, fish, crustacean, plant, algae, or fungus for inducing and resetting a desired biological response by stimulating/exiting photoreceptor molecules and then resetting the molecule to allow for further excitation. Photoreceptors such as opsins or chromophores are stimulated by photons of a specific color in order to induce and regulate the desired biological response, such as hormone or enzyme production. The relationship between components within a signal of modulated photons or light to a mammal, bird, fish or other organisms, initiate a biological response by exciting the photoreceptor molecule and then reset the molecule to allow for further excitation, by pulsing an initiation component followed by a reset component, the signal allows for peak stimulation/modulation of an organism's biological response (such as opsin receptors in mammals, fish and birds) and biological responses, including hormone production such as the pulsing of one or more specific spectrums of light within a signal to induce a specific electrochemical signal for the production of a specific hormone followed by a reset signal, such as far red, allowing for an increase in the production of specific hormones from 0.1%, 1.0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.2%, 20%, 33.3%, 50%, 81.7%, 100%, 143.9%, 150%, 181.4%, 200%, 250%, 444.2%, 500% and 5000% or greater and all integers in between, over the baseline hormone level of a mammal, fish or bird, or a decrease in the production of specific hormones from 0.1%, 1.2%, 7.7%, 10%, 15.6%, 20%, 47.2%, 50%, 74.5%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 500% and 5000% or less and all integers in between, under the baseline hormone level of a mammal, fish or bird, along with regulation or control of an organism's mood by reducing stress or calming the organism. Further the modulation of photons in a specific wavelength within 50 nm of the peak absorption of the photoreceptor allows for the optimization of photon absorption.

In an embodiment of the present disclosure, each initiation component and reset component within a signal may have the same photon pulse intensity, or one or more intensities. Each intensity may range from 0.1% to 500% when compared to a 100% intensity. By way of example, as shown in FIG. 4 , one component of a signal may be composed of one, two or more photons each with a different wavelength.

Each individual wavelength of a component (Initiation or Reset) may have its own photon pulse intensity, below are examples of this embodiment:

Example A

-   -   a. Initiation component:         -   i. A wavelength of 660 nm at an intensity 48%;     -   b. A reset component that comprises:         -   i. A wavelength of 740 nm with an intensity of 60%.

Example B

-   -   a. Initiation component:         -   i. A wavelength of 660 nm at an intensity 100%;         -   ii. A wavelength of 545 nm at an intensity 22%;     -   b. A reset component that comprises:         -   i. A wavelength of 740 nm with an intensity of 150%.

Example C

-   -   a. Initiation component:         -   i. A wavelength at 445 nm with an intensity of 78%;         -   ii. A wavelength of 465 nm with an intensity of 150%;         -   iii. A wavelength of 395 nm with an intensity of 25%; and         -   iv. Two components with a wavelength of 660 nm at an             intensity 48%;     -   b. A reset component that comprises:         -   i. A wavelength of 740 nm with an intensity of 150%.

Example D

-   -   a. First Initiation component:         -   i. A wavelength at 445 nm with an intensity of 78%;         -   ii. A wavelength of 465 nm with an intensity of 150%;     -   b. Second initiation component where the timing of the second is         different from the first:         -   i. A wavelength of 660 nm with an intensity of 25%; and         -   ii. Two components with a wavelength of 660 nm at an             intensity 48%;     -   c. A reset component that comprises:         -   i. A wavelength of 740 nm with an intensity of 60%.

Example E

-   -   a. First Initiation component:         -   i. A wavelength at 445 nm with an intensity of 78%;         -   ii. A wavelength of 465 nm with an intensity of 150%;     -   b. Second initiation component where the timing of the second is         different from the first:         -   i. A wavelength at 445 nm with an intensity of 150%;         -   ii. A wavelength of 465 nm with an intensity of 25%;     -   c. A reset component that comprises:         -   i. A wavelength of 740 nm with an intensity of 45%.

Example F

-   -   a. First Initiation component:         -   i. A wavelength at 445 nm with an intensity of 78%;         -   ii. A wavelength of 465 nm with an intensity of 150%;     -   b. Second initiation component where the timing of the second is         different from the first:         -   iii. A wavelength of 630 nm with an intensity of 25%; and         -   iv. Two components with a wavelength of 660 nm at an             intensity 48%;     -   c. A first reset component that comprises:         -   i. A wavelength of 740 nm with an intensity of 60%.     -   d. A second reset component that comprises:         -   i. A wavelength of 395 nm with an intensity of 95%.

Each photon signal will be repeated in a repetitive cycle once the ON and OFF durations of the second component is completed.

The intensities of the components within a signal may also be the same but adjusted based upon the desired response of the organism and/or the life cycle of an organism. By way of example, a young cow may be illuminated in a photon signal designed to encourage hunger and interpolation of circadian rhythms with a target intensity of 200 mW/m². After the young cow has reached a certain age or desired weight, the recipe of the signal may be amended to encourage milk production with a target intensity of 100 mW/m².

The modulation of the photon pulses increases energy and heat efficiency of current lighting systems by reducing the overall power draw by the system of the present disclosure as much as 99% or more of the photon source when compared to conventional facilities used in the plant, beef, dairy, pork, egg, healthcare, and poultry production lighting systems, such as a 60 watt or 1000 watt lights, thereby reducing the amount of power and cooling and cost used to facilitate production changes in artificially lighted agricultural facilities or healthcare facilities or home use facilities. In an example of the energy saving potential of the system of the present disclosure, the system pulses 49.2 watts of photons for two microseconds per 200 microseconds creating an effective power consumption of 0.49 watt-hrs/hr on the power payment meter or 0.82% of the power in a 60-watt standard incandescent bulb. In addition, because the LED light is not continuously emitting photons, the amount of heat produced from the LED light will be significantly reduced, thereby significantly reducing the cost of cooling a facility to compensate for the increased heat from lighting. The system of the present disclosure may be customized based upon organism specific requirements for photon intensity, pulse ON duration, pulse OFF (or duty cycle), the light spectrum of the pulse including but not limited to white, near-red, yellow, green, and blue, orange, far-red, infrared, and ultra-violet to encourage optimal hormone production as well as the control of the organism's stress and mood.

A master logic controller or gateway (MLC) (now shown), such as solid-state circuit with digital output control or a central processing unit (CPU) is in communication with a photon emission modulation controller by means of a communication signal (not shown). The MLC provides the system of the present disclosure with input/output of the parameters and the appropriate instructions or the specialized functions for the modulation of photons within a signal from an LED light 106 and 108.

Please note that in another embodiment not shown in FIG. 2 , a gateway may be in direct communication with the LED lights 106 and 108 without the need of an MLC or a photon emission modulation controller, allowing the gateway to provide direct instructions and control of the LED lights for the modulation of photons toward an organism.

In a further embodiment, the MLC may be hard wired or wireless to an external source such as a host, allowing external access to the MLC by a host. This allows remote access by a user to monitor the input and output of the MLC, provide instructions or control to the systems while also allowing for remote programming and monitoring of the MLC.

In a further embodiment, a power measurement or power consumption sensor may be integrated or embedded into the LED lights or MLC in the form of circuitry allowing for the measurement and reporting of the power consumption of the system based on the voltage and the current draw of the system of the present disclosure. The power consumption of the system can then be communicated either wirelessly or by hardwire from the MLC to a host. Data, including power consumption may also be sent to an outside receiver such as a database that is not connected to the system. Based upon power usage the system can modify the photon emission of the LED lights to change the power usage of the system. In a further embodiment, the power supply of the LED lights can include power factor correction circuitry to increase the current efficiency of the power utilized by the pulsing of current through light emitting diodes.

The photon emission modulation controller receives commands and instructions from the MLC (the “Recipe”) including but not limited to the duration ON and intensity, duration OFF duty cycle, intensity, wavelength band or color spectrum and frequency of each component of the repetitive photon signal from an LED light. It should be understood that the Recipe can reside in the Gateway, Master or LED light. The photon emission modulation controller may be any device that modulates the quanta and provides the control and command for the duration ON and intensity, duration OFF, wavelength band and frequency of each repetitive photon pulse from an LED light 106 and 108. A variety of devices may be used as the photon emission modulation controller 104 as will be understood by one skilled in the art, including but not limited to a solid-state relay (SSR), such as the solid-state relays, FETs, BJTs from Minecraft Inc., optical choppers, power converters and other devices that induce modulation of a photon pulse. A variety of LED lights 106 and 108 may be used, including but not limited to, modulated incandescent (Tungsten-halogen and Xenon), Fluorescent (CFL's), high intensity discharge (Metal Halide, High-Pressure Sodium, Low-Pressure Sodium, Mercury Vapor), sunlight, light emitting diodes (LED lights) and lasers. It should be understood that this description is applicable to any such system with other types of photon emission modulation controllers, including other methods, systems or apparatuses to cycle a light or photon source ON and OFF, cycling one or more colors or spectrums of light at different times, durations and intensities, such as near-red, green, blue and far-red, allowing multiple pulses of one spectrum while also pulsing another spectrum at the same time with at least one aspect of the second pulse that is different chosen from the ON duration, intensity, OFF duration and color spectrums, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, once they understand the principles of the embodiments.

Based on the instructions from the MLC, the photon emission modulation controller sends a photon emission control signal to at least one photon emitting component of the LED light 106. When the photon emission control signal is sent to the LED light 106, based on the instructions within the signal, the LED light emits a photon signal 118 with at least two components, (shown in FIG. 5 ) at least one initiation or stimulation component 117 with one or more wavelengths and one reset pulse component 119 with at least one wavelength (such as a far red wavelength pulse), where each response inducing component photon pulse of the signal has a different wavelength color, and/or an ON duration that is initiated and completed prior to the initiation and completion of the ON duration of the reset pulse, which is transmitted to an organism, such as mammal, plant or bird.

As shown in FIG. 5 , the repetitive photon signal comprises an initial component to excite the molecule of the corresponding photoreceptor with a near red and a component to reset the molecule with a far-red component. In this example, both components are initiated at the same time with the near red pulse component ON for a duration and then OFF followed after a period of time by an ON duration of the far-red pulse followed by an OFF duration of the far-red pulse. The entire signal comprising both components is then repeated until the desired response is completed. The quality of the biological response produced by the signal can be adjusted by adjusting the relationship between

The example of FIG. 5 provides a photon signal comprising far red 119 and near red 117 components, however, other components may include wavelength colors such as ultraviolet, violet, near-red, green, yellow, orange, blue and near-red, far-red, as will be understood by one skilled in the art, once they understand the principles of the embodiments. It should also be understood that this ON and OFF cycling can be in the form of a digital pulse, pulse train, or varying waveform.

In another example, shown in FIG. 6 of the present disclosure, the biological response initiating component of the photon signal may include a constant ON photon pulse 121 with one, two, three or more wavelengths (including a full spectrum of colors or “white”) however the signal will still include additional components for response inducing 117 and a resent component 119 that is pulsed in the ON duration and OFF (such as for 50 us, 100 us, 250 us, 500 us, 1000 us, 5000 us or 10000 us) before the signal is repeated.

The modulation of individual color spectrums of photons to plants, fungi, yeast, bacteria, mammals, such as cattle, horses, humans, dogs, cats or pigs, birds, such as chickens, or fish, such as salmon, trout, tuna, tilapia, by providing at least one biological response inducing component within a signal, allows for peak stimulation of a mammal's biological components and responses through the efficient excitation and resetting of the molecules associated with color specific and response specific photoreceptors, such as a mammal's retina opsins and hypothalamus opsins for ovulation, pineal gland to regulation hormone production. This peak stimulation allows for the regulation of biological responses such as the production of hormones by increasing the production of specific hormones from 0.1%, 1.0%, 5%, 7.5, 10%, 12.2%, 20%, 33.3%, 50%, 81.7%, 100%, 143.9%, 150%, 181.4%, 200%, 250%, 444.2%, 500% and 1000% and all integers in between, over the baseline hormone level of an organism, such as a mammal, bird, or fish, or decreasing the production of specific hormones from 0.1%, 1.2%, 7.7%, 10%, 15.6, 20%, 47.2%, 50%, 74.5%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 500% and 1000% and all integers in between, under the baseline hormone level of a mammal as in the mammal, along with regulation or control of a mammal's mood by reducing stress or calming the mammal.

Examples of the ability to induce/excite and reset or regulate photoreceptor molecules for specific biological responses in an organism through the pulsing of individual color spectrums, specific color wavelength or a range of color wavelengths may include but are not limited to:

-   -   a. milk production in mammals through the modulation of pulses         when melanopsin is pre-stimulated with 620 nm light responses to         480 nm light is enhanced;     -   b. use of blue spectrum between 390 nm to 470 nm to treat         jaundice in prenatal mammals, such as human premature babies;     -   c. ovulation through the modulation of pulses of a specific         far-red wavelength (such as 730 nm, an example wavelength range         may include 710 nm to 850 nm) for a period of time;     -   d. hunger, growth, sexual development as well as helps to         control the mood of the mammals by pulses of blue light, as well         as the regulation of circadian rhythms (an example range may         include with a range of 450 nm to 495 nm);     -   e. ultraviolet or violet light (by example 10 nm to 450 nm) may         be used to influence social behavior and mood as well as to         facilitate nutrient update such as calcium;     -   f. additional orange light (590 nm to 620 nm) and/or yellow         light (570 nm to 590 nm) may also be used to influence mammal         responses;     -   g. egg production in birds through the modulation of pulses of a         specific far-red or in combination with near red wavelengths         (example wavelengths may include 620 nm to 850 nm) for a period         of time;     -   h. hunger, growth, sexual development as well as helps to         control the mood of the birds by pulses of blue light, as well         as the regulation of circadian rhythms (an example range may         include with a range of 450 nm to 495 nm);     -   i. green light (such as 560 nm, but may include 495 nm to 570         nm) may be used to promote or stimulate growth, including muscle         growth, improve reproduction as well as egg quality;     -   j. additional orange light (590 nm to 620 nm) and/or yellow         light (570 nm to 590 nm) may also be used to influence bird         responses.     -   k. the control of seed germination in some higher plants through         the modulation of pulses of a specific far-red wavelengths (such         as 730 nm, an example wavelength range may include 710 nm to 850         nm) for a period of time and then pulses of blue light (an         example range may include with a range of 450 nm to 495 nm) in         combination with near red light (such as 660 nm, an example         range may include with a range of 620 nm to 710 nm);     -   l. increased growth of higher plants through the cycling of         pulses of near red wavelengths with pulses of blue wavelengths         and far-red wavelengths;     -   m. seed production in higher plants through the exposure of         plants to shortened pulses of blue light after and exposure of         lengthened pulses of near red light and far red light;     -   n. flower production where if various types of higher plants are         exposed to a variation of pulses timing of far-red light (730 nm         to 850 nm) after the exposure to pulses of near red light and         blue light, the plants are induced to flower; and     -   o. destruction of organisms such as bacteria or a virus where in         an organism is exposed to a pulse of an ultraviolet wavelength         such as 243 nm, while the spectrum of ultra violet will be         understood by one skilled in the art, an example range may         include with a range between 200 nm and 275 nm.

The ability to initiate, regulate and control desired biological responses is based on the relationship or correlation between response initiation component or components and the response reset component within a signal. Each organism has a peak absorption for a desired biological response based on the peak absorption of the photoreceptor for the color spectrum associated with the desired biological response. If for example, one skilled in the art was using recipe shown in FIG. 7 to induce improved egg quality in poultry or ovulation in horses and the results shown poor yolk formation or lack of ovulation, as shown in FIG. 7 , the relationship between the components can be adjusted to improve the biological response. By way of example, the ON duration of the initiation component may be increased and time between the start of the OFF duration of the initiation component and the start of the ON duration of the reset component may be decreased or increased.

As will be understood by one skilled in art, in an additional embodiment, the method for use in the regulation of a desired biological response, such as the expression of hormones as described herein may be completely housed in a single unit comprising multiple LED lights creating an array, allowing each individual single unit to be self-sufficient, without the need for an external control or logic unit. An example self-sufficient unit with multiple LED lights may be in the form of a unit that may be connected to a light socket, or light fixtures that may be suspended above one or more mammals and connected to a power source.

An additional example embodiment to the methods, systems and apparatuses described herein may include less heat creation: LED lighting intrinsically creates less heat than conventional lights. When LED lights are used in a dosing application, they are ON less than they are OFF. This creates an environment with nominal heat production from the LED lights. This is not only beneficial in terms of not having to use energy to evacuate the heat from the system but is beneficial to the mammal because lighting may also be used to reduce animal stress or calm the animal.

The systems as shown in FIG. 1 may also take the form of a gateway/LED light system, a gateway/master/emitter system, or a master/slave system, where by example, a master LED light containing all logic and controls for the emission of photon from master LED light as well as any additional LED lights in communication with the master LED light.

An embodiment provided herein includes the regulation of hormones in organisms such as mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and others through the emission of one or more repetitive signals with a response initiating component and a response reset component illuminating or radiating an organism, where each component contains repetitive pulse group with at least one individual color spectrums or ranges of color spectrums, including blue, green and/or red spectrums, at a frequency, intensity and duty cycle, which can be customized, monitored and optimized for the specific hormone to be regulated in the mammal while minimizing energy used in the system.

By way of example, by supplying control over the rates and efficiencies of modulated photon energy to the mammal, different parts of the photostimulation of the mammal's opsins located in the hypothalamus and the retina (such as red opsins and green opsins) photo receptors are maximized allowing for regulation of hormones, including an increase in the production of specific hormones from 0.1% 10%, 20%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 500% and 1000% or greater and all integers in between, over the base line hormone level of a mammal, a decrease in the production of specific hormones from 0.1% 10%, 20%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 500% and 1000% or less and all integers in between, under the base line hormone level of a mammal as in the mammal, as well as regulation or control of a mammal mood by reducing stress or calming the mammal.

Opsins are a type of membrane bound phytochrome receptors found in the retina and the hypothalamus region of the brain of mammals. Opsins mediate a variety of functions in mammals, including hormone production, through the conversion of photons of light into an electrochemical signal.

In dairy cattle, the pineal gland is involved in synthesizing and secreting the hormone melatonin. This synthesis is initiated in mammals via light information received in the suprachiasmatic nuclei via the retinohypothalmic tract. Melanopsin, which is a photopigment, is thought to play an important role in this light signaling cascade. Melanopsin is in ganglion cells such as rods and cones and is also found throughout many of the structures in the brain. Some Melanopsin photoreceptors have a peak light absorption at 480 nanometers. Additionally, studies have shown that when melanopsin is pre-stimulated with 620 nm light responses to 480 nm light is enhanced. This efficiency has also been proven to be wavelength, irradiance and duration dependent.

Melanopsin stimulation is thought to inhibit melatonin production by the pineal gland. Melatonin production is directly related to milk production in dairy cows as it is an inhibitor to prolactin, the hormone responsible for milk production. Studies have shown that cows which are between milk production cycles which have higher melatonin levels will produce more milk when brought back into a production cycle. Low melatonin levels are also important during the milk production cycle as it allows for maximum prolactin levels.

In an embodiment of the current disclosure, by using the method of illuminating dairy cattle with a photon signal with a near red initiation component and a far-red reset component, melatonin levels in dairy cattle can be regulated, allowing for improved milk production in cattle. This same mechanism is thought to exist in all mammalian species.

Melatonin is also an important element of a mammal's sense of photoperiod which is directly hormonally tied to the ovulation cycle of the animal. By regulating melatonin levels in mammals via alternating wavelengths of light mammalian ovulation may be regulated.

The responses of mammals to the variations in the length of day and night involve photon absorption molecular changes that closely parallel those involved in the vision cycle in humans.

Mammal responses to a photon signal with one or more specific photon components may be monitored depending upon the desired hormone to be regulated. When the desired hormone is the production of melatonin, the mammal may be monitored for the stimulation of the pineal gland for the expression or release of melatonin or the release of luteinizing hormones, a heterodimeric glycoprotein to indicate impending ovulation in female mammals. Melatonin or luteinizing hormones may be monitored via blood or urinary samples. Samples may be taken daily or at various times during the day to identify the mammal reaction to the photon modulation to ensure efficient ovulation, or milk production.

The present disclosure also provides methods and systems for the amount of electric power used in the process of mammal, bird, fish, reptile and other vertebrate hormone production, where the amount of energy delivered can be defined by calculating the total area under the graph of power over time. The present disclosure further provides methods and systems that allow for the monitoring, reporting and control of the amount of electric power used to regulate a desired hormone in a mammal, allowing an end user or energy provider to identify trends in energy use.

An embodiment of the system of the present disclosure comprises at least one LED light with at least one photon source, such as an light emitting diode or array of light emitting diodes in communication with a photon emission modulation controller, including but not limited to a digital output signal, a solid-state relay or field effect transistor BJT, or FET, or power converter. LED lights are modulated to send a signal with two or more components of repetitive pulse of photons, where each individual pulse comprises at least one color spectrum, wavelength or multiple color spectrums, full light or wavelengths and is capable varying intensities. Each photon pulse is directed toward an organism for a duration of time ON between 0.01 nanoseconds and 5000 seconds (such a 50 us, 100 us, 500 us, 50 ms, 75 ms, 200 ms, 750 ms, 12 seconds, 50 seconds) and all integers in between (nanoseconds, microseconds, milliseconds, and seconds) OFF durations between 0.1 microseconds and 24 hours, and all integers in between, such as two milliseconds, 10 microsecond or 5 seconds with one or more intensities, with a duration of delay or time OFF between photon pulses, such as two hundred milliseconds or up to 24 hours.

The methods described above and shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 may also take the form of a synchronized series of lights or daisy chain of lights, a mesh network of lights or a synchronized array, where by example, two or more LED lights are in communication with each other as well as a gateway or a gateway/master in order to synchronize the emission of signals with two or more components or two or more LED lights where the communication, control and photon emission signal is held in one LED light (“Master LED light”) and said communication, control and photon emission is transferred through hardwire or wireless to one or more other LED lights. To clarify, each LED light will individually emit a signal comprising at least two components, however the system, by example, through commands from a master logic controller or Master LED light, will allow for the emission of signals from the series of emitters to be synchronized.

A variety of power supplies may be used in the present disclosure. These sources of power may include but are not limited to battery, converters for line power, capacitor, solar and/or wind power. The intensity of the photon pulse may be static with distinct ON/OFF cycles or the intensity may be changes of 5% or larger of the quanta of the photon pulse. The intensity of the photon pulse from the LED light can be controlled through the variance of voltage and/or current from the power supplies and delivered to the light source. It will also be appreciated by one skilled in the art as to the support circuitry that will be required for the system of the present disclosure, including the LED light control unit and the LED lights. Further, it will be appreciated that the configuration, installation and operation of the required components and support circuitry are well known in the art. The program code, if a program code is utilized, for performing the operations disclosed herein will be dependent upon the particular processor, circuitry and programming language utilized in the system of the present disclosure. Consequently, it will be appreciated that the generation of a program code from the disclosure presented herein would be within the skill of an ordinary artisan.

In another example embodiment of the current disclosure, FIG. 3 provides a block diagram showing an example of a method for the regulation of biological responses in birds through the initiation and stimulation of the photoreceptor molecules, such as excitation of cis/trans isomers of the bird and the reset of the cis-trans isomer through the use of the reset component (such as far-red) at the end or near the end of repetitive signal toward the bird. As shown in FIG. 2 and repeated from FIG. 1 , an LED light 106 and 108 is shown over a period of time in communication with a photon emission modulation controller for the purpose of modulating individual pulses of photons comprising individual color spectrums to a bird (not shown), including but not limited to white, green, near-red, blue, yellow orange, far-red, infrared, and ultra-violet color spectrums, wavelength between 0.1 nm and 1 cm. As will be understood by one skilled in the art, the present disclosure may include color spectrums of specific, individual wavelengths between 0.1 nm and 1.0 cm, or may include a range or band of wavelengths 0.1 to 1600 nm in width.

The modulation of individual color spectrums of photons to a bird by providing at least one component that is a response inducing color spectrum pulse and a reset component within a signal, initiated in synchronization but offset within the signal and then repeated, allows for peak stimulation of a bird's biological components and responses, such as a bird's retina opsins and hypothalamus opsins for ovulation, pineal gland to regulation hormone production. This peak stimulation allows for the regulation of hormones by increasing the production of specific hormones such as melatonin from 0.1%, 1.0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.2%, 20%, 33.3%, 50%, 81.7%, 100%, 143.9%, 150%, 181.4%, 200%, 250%, 444.2%, 500%, 888% and 2000% and all integers in between, over the baseline hormone level of a bird, or decreasing the production of specific hormones such as melatonin from 0.1%, 1.2%, 7.7%, 10%, 15.6%, 20%, 47.2%, 50%, 74.5%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 250%, 500% and 4000% and all integers in between, under the baseline hormone level of a bird, along with regulation or control of a bird's mood by reducing stress or calming the bird and increasing livability.

The modulation of individual color spectrums, specific wavelengths and a range of wavelengths of photons to a bird by providing specific color spectrum pulses for a duration along with a delay between pulses also allows for the control hormone production for mood, growth, ovulation, sexual maturity, interpolation of circadian rhythm and hunger in bird. An example may include one light or through the combination of many lights, cycling the lights on and off to control ovulation, egg production, hunger and mood.

As discussed in FIG. 3 and repeated from FIG. 2 , a master logic controller or gateway (MLC) is in communication with a photon emission modulation controller by means of a communication signal. The MLC provides the system of the present disclosure with input/output of the parameters and the appropriate instructions or the specialized functions for the modulation of a specific individual color spectrum of photons from an LED light 106 and 108.

The photon emission modulation controller receives commands and instructions from the MLC (or in an embodiment with a gateway the MLC and the photon emission modulation controller may not be provided) including but not limited to the duration ON and intensity, duration OFF, wavelength band and frequency of each repetitive initiating photon pulse 202 and reset pulse 204 within a photon signal 118 or a plurality of pulses of a specific color spectrum from an LED light 106 and 108 within a photon signal. The photon emission modulation controller provides the control and command for the duration ON and intensity, duration OFF, wavelength band and frequency of each repetitive response initiating photon pulse 202 and reset pulse 204 within a photon signal 118 or plurality of pulses from an LED light 106, and 108.

In FIG. 3 , the bird is received a photon signal 118 with a growth recipe 302 and then over time, as the bird gets older and gains weight, the recipe of the photon signal is changed to an egg laying recipe 304. This adjustment or change in recipes to change to the biological response in the organism is termed “stitching” recipes together and allows one to modify or change the biological response of an organism based on changes in the recipe.

As shown in FIG. 2 , based on the instructions from the MLC 102 (or in an embodiment with a gateway), the photon emission modulation controller 104 sends a photon emission control signal 136 to an LED light 106 and 108. When the photon emission control signal 136 sent to the LED light 106 ON, the LED light 106 emits one or more repetitive photon pulses of a specific color spectrum 202 or 204, comprising the photon signal 118, which is transmitted to a bird 122. Then based on the instructions from the MLC 102, when the LED light control signal 136 sent to the LED light 108 goes OFF, the LED light 108 will not emit a photon signal, and therefore no photons are transmitted to a bird 122. As shown in FIG. 2 , starting from the left side of FIG. 2 , the emission of a photon signal 118 comprising repetitive photon pulses of a specific color spectrum 202 (response initiating green) and 204 (reset far-red) and bird 122 hormone production is shown over a period of time. The example of FIG. 2 provides a photon signal 118 with photon pulse or plurality of pulses of a green color spectrum 202 emitted from an LED light 106 for two (2) milliseconds, followed by a photon pulse or plurality of pulses of a far-red color spectrum 204 for a duration of two (2) milliseconds with a duration of delay of two hundred (200) milliseconds of each pulse before the photon signal repeats with a photon pulse or plurality of pulses 202 emitted from the same LED light 106 for two milliseconds followed by a second photon pulse or plurality of pulses of a far-red color spectrum 204 for a duration of two milliseconds from the same LED light 114 (please note that FIG. 2 is a descriptive example of photon pulses emitted over time, the signal and the components with the signal are then repeated as desired. FIG. 2 is not drawn to scale and the amount of hormone production by the bird between pulses in FIG. 2 is not necessarily to scale). Please note that the two components (green and far-red) within the signal 118 are pulsed simultaneously but with their durations ON and OFF offset in this example. While two photon pulses are shown in FIG. 2 , as one skilled in the art will understand once they understand the invention, any number of pulses, from 1 to 15 or even more, may be within a photon signal directed to an organism.

The method of the present disclosure as described in FIGS. 1 and 2 allows for the regulation and control of the production of various hormones in a mammal or a bird through the cycling of initiating and reset component with one or more colors or spectrums of light at different times, durations and intensities, such as near-red, green, blue and far-red, allowing single pulses or multiple pulses of one spectrum with a delay before pulsing another spectrum. The pulsing of individual color spectrums in unison or individually offset for a duration with a delay between pulses within a signal allows for increased efficiency in the stimulation of opsins for hormone regulation and production by the stimulation of opsins and a cis to trans conversion as well as the reset of the cis trans isomer.

A variety of sources or devices may be used to produce photons from the LED lights, many of which are known in the art. However, an example of a device or sources suitable for the emission or production of photons from an LED light include a light emitting diode, which may be packaged within a light emitting diode array designed to create a desired spectrum of photons. While LED lights are shown in this example, it will be understood by one skilled in the art that a variety of sources may be used for the emission of photons including but not limited to sun light, metal halide light, fluorescent light, high-pressure sodium light, incandescent light as well as light emitting diodes and lasers. Please note that if sun light or a metal halide light, fluorescent light, high-pressure sodium light, incandescent light is used with the methods, systems and apparatuses described herein, the proper use of these forms of LED lights would be to modulate and then filter the light to control what wavelength for what duration is passed through.

Embodiments of the present disclosure can apply to LED lights having various durations of photon emissions, including durations of photon emissions of specific color spectrums and intensity. The pulsed photon emissions of specific color spectrums within a photon signal may be longer or shorter depending on the organism in question, the age of the organism and how the emission will be used in facilitating the regulation of hormones and control of stress or mood.

The use of an array of LED lights may be controlled to provide the optimal photon pulse of one or more color spectrums for specific mammal ovulation, milk production and growth such as in beef or specific bird ovulation, egg production, or hunger. The user may simply select the photon pulse intensity, color spectrum, frequency and duty cycle in addition to the photon pulse intensity, color spectrum, frequency and duty cycle of a resetting component for a particular type of organism to encourage efficient biological responses in that organism. LED light packages can be customized to meet each organism's specific requirements. By using packaged LED light arrays with the customized pulsed photon emission, as discussed above, embodiments described herein may be used to control light to alter the organism weight, and sexual maturity within the target organism.

FIG. 3 provides a block diagram showing an example of a photon modulation management system 300 for the regulation of cis trans isomers in birds to initiate a desired response in birds. As shown in FIG. 3 and repeated from FIGS. 1 and 2 , an LED light 106 and 108 is shown over a period of time in communication with a photon emission modulation controller 104 for the purpose of emitting signals comprising initiating components and cis-trans reset components that are directed toward plants.

The modulation of individual color spectrums, specific wavelength and a range of wavelengths of photons to a plant by providing a signal with at least one initiating component and at least one reset component allows for the control of plant responses such as root production, vegetative growth, flowering, seed and fruit production.

The most common pigments utilized for plant growth are chlorophyll a, b, c, and d, phycobilins, terpenoids, carotenoids, cryptochromes, UV-B receptors (such as riboflavinoids), flavonoids, and betacyanins. These photoreceptors transfer their electrochemical energy to the electron transport chain. The photon absorbing photoreceptors such as chlorophyll, terpenoids, carotenoids etc. are actually conjugated molecules known as chromophores that allow for the conversion of photons into electrical potentials. Chromophores exist in many other biological functions outside of plants, including melanocytosis and color sensing cells in human vision.

The responses of plants to the variations in the length of day and night involve photon absorption molecular changes that closely parallel those involved in the vision cycle. Chrysanthemums and kalachoa are great examples of this. They flower in response to the increasing length of the night as fall approaches. If the night is experimentally shorted, the plants will not flower. If the plants are exposed to near red (660 nm) of light then they will not flower. If the plants are then exposed to far red (730 nm) after the exposure to near red then they will flower. It is well known that wheat, soybean, and other commercial crops are best suited or being grown in specific latitudes with different periods of light and darkness. The absorption of near red pigment (cis) converts the pigment to a far-red absorption state (trans). The near red/far red chemical reversing also controls seed germination and growth cycles. These photo-absorbing chromophores in plants have been named phytochromes. It is also understood that Pheophytins (Chlorophyll a, b, and c that lack the Mg²+ ion) also naturally exist in plants. The Pheophytins lack of double bond ring can also exhibit the cis tran configuration changes. They are control mechanisms for triggering and controlling both growth cycles and reproduction cycles. These control triggers can be altered and/or controlled by modifying the dosing of photons to cause rapid cis trans configuration changes as compared to naturally occurring or normal artificial light sources.

Phytochromes and cryptochromes are proteins capable of absorbing specific wavelengths of light resulting in a conformational/geometric change or a change in binding affinity. These molecules are key in giving the plant cues on time of day, seasonality, and other external stimuli. This in turn can have differing impacts on growth, DNA transcription, and plant hormone control. Different studies have shown that the growth pattern of a plant can depend on the last wavelength “seen” by the plant. Studies have shown that lettuce exposed to near-red light vs far-red light prior to growth under white light will show different growth patterns. Another example is directly tied to permeability of gibberellic acid, a potent plant hormone that stimulates growth and elongation of cells. A phytochrome in the stroma of etioplasts/chloroplasts can absorb far-red light causing a change in binding affinity. This phytochrome can then bind with gibberellic acid transport proteins in the etioplast/chloroplast membrane that cause an increase in gibberellic acid permeability through the membrane. By absorbing near-red light, the phytochrome will undergo a different conformational change that decreases its binding affinity for gibberellic permeases and permeability decreases. Thus specific wavelengths “seen” by the plant can result in different cell processes taking place. Pulsed lighting with targeted alternating wavelengths can direct these cell processes to occur in a directed pattern by causing conformational changes in specific phytochromes in the plant.

The photochrome molecule is made up of an open group of atoms closely related to the rings in the chlorophyll molecule. It has two side groups that can change from the cis form to the trans when they are excited by specific pulses of light, however, a shift in the position of the molecule's hydrogen atoms is more likely. The changes in the phytochrome molecule following excitation by a flash of light is similar to those in rhodopsin. These intermediate stages also involve alterations in the molecular form of the protein associated with phytochrome, just as there are alterations in the form of opsin, the protein of rhodopsin. In its final form phytochrome differs from rhodopsin in that the molecule of phytochrome remains linked to the protein rather than being dissociated from it. Far-red light will reverse the process and convert the final form of phytochrome back to its initial red-absorbing form, although a different series of intermediate molecular forms is involved. Again, these are just a few examples of how controlling the modulated pulsing of light can control/enhance growth, repair and destruction of biological organisms.

Furthermore, when organisms are subject to varying amounts of light, often in excess, the efficiency of photosynthesis is decreased and can even damage components of the electron transport chain. In the presence of excess light for example, the chlorophyll may not rapidly transfer its excitation energy to another pigment molecule and thus will react with molecular oxygen to produce a highly reactive and damaging free radical superoxide. The plant must then spend energy otherwise reserved for growth to create protecting molecules such as Carotenoids and superoxide dismutase to absorb the excess superoxides. By supplying control over the rates and efficiencies of modulated photon energy to the organism, different parts of the photochemical reaction can be maximized and the amount of electric power used in the process can be reduced.

Traditional light sources, as well as sunlight, create a bottleneck insofar as energy transfer in an organism is concerned. Chromophores of chlorophyll for example absorb protons and through the electron transport chain and redox reactions to convert the energy to sugars. In each lamellae structure in chlorophyll, there is on average one sink for this energy for every 500 chlorophyll molecules. This is one example where the bottleneck in an organism is created insofar as energy transfer is concerned. Giving a plant more light does not directly mean that the plant will be able to process the extra light. In an overly simplified explanation, it is believed that phytochrome molecules are not only involved in the very slow (more hormone based) influence of germination, growth, and reproduction rates of various organisms, but also perform and regulate very fast membrane and energy sink reactions within the lamellae. Therefore, it can be assumed that controlling and altering the natural timing and synchronization of photon pulses to photochromic response will affect germination, growth, and reproduction rates of various organisms.

Table 4 below provides a table of lighting options with FIGS. 8-17 providing diagrams corresponding to the options provided below. As shown in Table 4, column one provides the name or designation of the lighting option or pulse signal, column two provides the colors pulses corresponding to the initiation component and the reset component of each lighting option, column three is the duration ON of each pulse within the pulse signal, column four is the duration OFF of each pulse within the pulse signal, column five provides the time from ON to OFF.

TABLE 4 Ma of Lighting each Option Colors Duration ON Duration OFF Timing from t-0 color FIG. Option 1 Near red 1 50 us 150 us ON - 0 600 FIG. 8 Near red 2 OFF- 50 US Far Red 50 us 100 us ON - 100 us 900 OFF- 150 us Option 2 Near red 1 50 us 450 us ON - 0 600 FIG. 9 Near red 2 OFF- 50 US Far Red 50 us 400 us ON - 400 us 900 OFF- 450 us Option 3 Near red 1 150 us 850 us ON - 0 600 FIG. 10 Near red 2 OFF- 150 us Far Red 100 us 750 us ON - 750 us 900 OFF- 850 us Option 4 Near red 1 50 ms 450 ms ON - 0 600 FIG. 11 OFF- 50 ms Far Red 50 ms 350 ms ON - 400 ms 900 OFF- 450 ms Option 5 Near red 1 50 us 50 us ON - 0 600 FIG. 12 Near red 2 Blue OFF- 50 US White (all colors) Continuous ON Continuous Far Red 50 us 100 us ON - 100 us 900 OFF- 150 us Option 6 Near red 1 150 us 100 us ON - 0 600 Near red 2 OFF- 150 us Far Red 100 us 10 secs ON - 650 us 900 Figure not OFF- 750 us available Far Red 100 us 10.001 secs ON - 800 us 900 due to scale OFF - 900 us Blue 10 us 100 us ON -1000 us 900 OFF-1010 us Option 7 Near red 1 150 ms 850 ms ON - 0 600 FIG. 13 Near red 2 OFF- 150 us Far Red 100 ms 650 ms ON - 650 ms 900 OFF- 700 ms Far red 100 ms 800 ms ON - 800 ms 900 OFF - 850 ms Option 8 Near red 1 sec 10 secs ON - 0 600 FIG. 14 OFF- 1 sec Far Red 1 sec 10 secs ON - 8 secs 900 OFF- 9 secs Option 9 Near red 1 10 secs 100 secs ON - 0 600 FIG. 15 Near red 2 OFF- 10 secs Far red 10 secs 100 secs ON - 80 secs 600 OFF- 90 secs Option 10 Near red 1 10 secs 24 hours ON - 0 600 Figure not Near red 2 OFF- 10 secs available Far red 10 secs 500 us ON - 150 us 600 due to scale OFF- 200 us Option 11 Near red 1 50 us 100 us ON - 0 600 FIG. 16 OFF- 50 US Blue 50 us 500 us ON - 150 us 600 OFF- 200 US Far red 50 us 50 us ON - 300 600 OFF- 350 US Option 12 Far red 50-100 us 50-1500 us ON - 0 600 to Figure not OFF- 50 US 1100 available Far Red 50-100 us 50-1500 us ON - 100 us 900 to due to scale OFF- 150 us 1100 Option 13 Near red 50 us 500 us ON - 0 600 to FIG. 17 OFF- 50 US 1100 Far Red 50 us 500 us ON - 200 us 900 to 1100 Option 14 Near red 1 50 ns 150 ns ON - 0 600 Near red 2 OFF- 50 ns Far Red 50 ns 100 ns ON - 100 ns 900 Figure not OFF- 150 ns available due to scale Option 15 Near red 1 Blue 10 min 150 min ON - 0 900 Figure not OFF- 10 min available Far Red 50 min 100 min ON - 100 min 900 due to scale OFF- 150 min Option 16 Ultraviolet 100 us 50 us ON - 0 600 Figure not OFF- 10 us provided Ultraviolet 50 us 50 us ON - 50 us 1100  OFF- 100 us Option 17 Ultraviolet 50 us 150 us ON - 0 600 Figure not OFF- 50 us provided Near red 1 50 us 150 us ON - 0 600 Near red 2 OFF- 50 us Far Red 50 us 100 us ON - 100 us 900 OFF- 150 us

EXAMPLES

The following examples are provided to illustrate further the various applications and are not intended to limit the invention beyond the limitations set forth in the appended claims.

Example 1—Regulation of Cis-Trans to Increase Expression of Melatonin in Humans

An adult male human (Homo sapiens), was exposed on Mar. 22, 2018 and Mar. 23, 2018 in Greeley, Colo. to supplemental pulsed lighting (Option 13 in Table 4 at 600 Ma for near red and 900 Ma for far red) approximately six hours during the night and eight hours during the day within a 24-hour period to assess melatonin levels under typical daily activities. Supplemental lighting was added to normal environmental lighting, such as computers, television, etc.

Blood was collected from the Caucasian male human in his mid-40s. The first two samples were collected under ambient lighting conditions at 9 am and 5 μm. The subject was then exposed to supplemental pulsed lighting (Option 12 in Table 4) for 14 hours, including sleep, over the course of the next 24 hours and his blood was drawn at 9 am and 5 pm. A total of eight samples were drawn. The samples were taken from the antecubital area of the arm. The blood was collected using 25-gauge needles with 3 cc syringes. The samples were immediately transferred to a lithium-heparin tube and inverted a total of ten times. The blood cells were centrifuged for 10 min at 3200 rpm using a Cole-Parmer centrifuge to isolate the plasma. The plasma samples were poured into 1.5 mL centrifuge tubes and placed into the freezer at −17° C. The samples were prepared using the ab213978 melatonin ELISA kit from Abcam Labs. The samples were analyzed using a Varioskan LUX from Thermo Scientific.

All precipitates and solids were removed via centrifugation. Equal volumes (500 μL) of cold ethyl acetate and plasma sample were placed into an Eppendorf tube and gently vortexed. The layers were allowed to separate over ice. The sample was vortexed again and incubated over ice for two minutes. After, the samples were centrifuged at 1000 g for 10 min. The organic layer was carefully pipetted into a new tube. It was then dried over a stream of inert gas (Argon). Next, the pellet was suspended in 100-200 μL of 1× stabilizer. The sample was then kept on ice after the suspension and the assay was performed immediately.

The ELISA kit was purchased as a 96-well plate and ready to use upon arrival. The immunoassay was stored in a sealed pouch with desiccant in the refrigerator at 8° C. until the day of use.

All kit components were brought to room temperature. Plasma samples were used directly without any dilution. Next, 100 μL of sample was added to each well of a pre-coated well plate along with 100 μL of 1× stabilizer added to the blank wells. Then, 50 μL of 1X melatonin tracer and 50 μL of 1× melatonin antibody were added to each sample well except to the blank wells, respectively. The plate was sealed and incubated at room temperature (RT) on a shaker plate for 1 hour at about 500 rpm. After incubation, the samples were washed with the wash buffer a total of three times with 400 μL per well. After the last wash, the plate was emptied, and the contents were aspirated, and the plate was blot dried by tapping on a paper towel to remove any remaining wash buffer. Next, 200 μL of melatonin conjugate solution was added to each well expect to the blank wells. Again, the plate was sealed and was incubated at RT on a plate shaker for 30 minutes at about 500 rpm. The plate was washed again in the same manner as before and all the wash buffer was removed. At this point, 200 μL of TMB substrate solution was added to each well, and the plate was incubated for 30 minutes at RT on a shaker plate at the same rate as previously performed. Then, 50 μL of the stop solution was added to each well. Optical Density (OD) readings were recorded at a 450 nm wavelength by a plate reader.

All data is presented as means using curve fitting programs (4-parameters) from the plate reader software (Skanit Software 5.0 for microplate readers). All the plots were created in excel. Known concentrations of melatonin antibody were pre-immobilized onto the plates. FIG. 19 shows the dilution curve for each pre-immobilized dilution (0, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 pg/mL) of melatonin antibody in the well plates.

With known standards, the change in melatonin concentrations in ng/mL were obtained under lights (Option 12 in Table 4) as described herein and compared to a control light (shown in FIG. 18 ). Blood was collected from a human subject over a two-day period. The first set of samples were collected approximately eight hours apart under standard light conditions. The second set of samples were collected under lights as described herein (Option 12 in Table 4) at the same time of day as the first set of samples, respectively. The samples were placed into 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes and stored in the freezer at −17° C. until the day of use. All the standards, blanks and samples were taken in replicate and averages were obtained.

Melatonin is a major factor in the circadian rhythm in mammals. Extensive research has shown that different light cycles effect melatonin production. This trial was conducted to determine the effect of lights as described herein on human melatonin levels.

The data in FIG. 18 shows that human melatonin levels increased by 24.79% after the first and second eight-hour timepoints. There was a greater increase in the melatonin level after a longer exposure to the lights (Option 12 in Table 4 at 600 Ma and 900 Ma) as described herein. The data would indicate that pulsing of lighting as described herein results in direct regulation of melatonin levels in humans.

Example 2—Excitation of Cis-Trans Isomer to Increase Melatonin Expression in Cattle

The 10-month-old black angus bull, raised in Yuma, Colo. was placed in a 12×12 ft agricultural panel pen under normal lighting. After blood samples were collected for the first 3 timepoints (1400 hours, 2200 hours and 700 hours), the bull was housed in a tarped enclosure framed in by the agricultural panels and the only light source was a specific set of lights as described herein (Option 12 in Table 4 at 1100 Ma). Supplemental air into the tent was provided via an HVAC fan and the bull was fed ad libitum grass hay and 5 pounds of sweet grain a day consistent with normal rations. Light intensity under lights as described herein (Option 12 in Table 4 at 1100 Ma) within the enclosure ranged from 52 to 1012 mW/m². If required, the bull was moved into a squeeze chute for blood collection and then returned to the enclosure.

Blood was collected from the bull at approximately eight (8) hour intervals. The first three samples were collected under ambient lighting conditions at 1400 hours, 2200 hours and 700 hours followed by a 74-hour exposure to a specific pulsed lighting recipe. Three additional samples were taken after the light exposure at approximately the same time of day as the initial blood collection (1400 hours, 2200 hours and 700 hours). The samples were taken from the coccygeal (tail) vein. The blood was collected using 23-gauge needles with 3 cc syringes. The samples were immediately transferred to a lithium-heparin tube and inverted a total of ten times. The blood samples were centrifuged for 10 min at 3200 rpm using a Cole-Parmer centrifuge to isolate the plasma. The plasma samples were poured into 1.5 mL centrifuge tubes and placed into the freezer at −17° C. The samples were prepared using the ab213978 melatonin ELISA kit from Abcam Labs. The samples were analyzed using a Varioskan LUX from Thermo Scientific.

All precipitates and solids were removed via centrifugation. Equal volumes (500 μL) of cold ethyl acetate and plasma sample were placed into an Eppendorf tube and gently vortexed. The layers were allowed to separate over ice. The sample was vortexed again and incubated over ice for two minutes. After, the samples were centrifuged at 1000 g for 10 min. The organic layer was carefully pipetted into a new tube. It was then dried over a stream of inert gas (Argon). Next, the pellet was suspended in 100-200 μL of 1× stabilizer. The sample was then kept on ice after the suspension and the assay was performed immediately.

The ELISA kit was purchased as a 96-well plate and ready to use upon arrival. The immunoassay was stored in a sealed pouch with desiccant in the refrigerator at 8° C. until the day of use.

All kit components were brought to room temperature. Plasma samples were used directly without any dilution. Next, 100 μL of sample was added to each well of a pre-coated well plate along with 100 μL of 1× stabilizer added to the blank wells. Then, 50 μL of 1X melatonin tracer and 50 μL of 1× melatonin antibody were added to each sample well except to the blank wells, respectively. The plate was sealed and incubated at room temperature (RT) on a shaker plate for 1 hour at about 500 rpm. After incubation, the samples were washed with the wash buffer a total of three times with 400 μL per well. After the last wash, the plate was emptied, and the contents were aspirated, and the plate was blot dried by tapping on a paper towel to remove any remaining wash buffer. Next, 200 μL of melatonin conjugate solution was added to each well except to the blank wells. Again, the plate was sealed and was incubated at room temperature on a plate shaker for 30 minutes at about 500 rpm. The plate was washed again in the same manner as before and all the wash buffer was removed. At this point, 200 μL of TMB substrate solution was added to each well, and the plate was incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature on a shaker plate at the same rate as previously performed. Then, 50 μL of the stop solution was added to each well. Optical Density (OD) readings were recorded at a 450 nm wavelength by a plate reader.

All data is presented as means using curve fitting programs (4-parameters) from the plate reader software (Skanit Software 5.0 for microplate readers). All the plots were created in excel. Known concentrations of melatonin antibody were pre-immobilized onto the plates. FIG. 22 shows the standard curve for each pre-immobilized dilution (50, 10, 2, 0.4, 0.08 ng/mL) of melatonin antibody in the well plates.

With known standards, the change in melatonin concentrations in ng/mL were obtained under lights as described herein and compared to a control light (shown in FIG. 20 ). Blood was collected from a bull over a five-day period. The first set of samples were collected every eight hours for a total of three times under the control light. The second set of samples were collected lights as described herein at the same time of day as the first set of samples, respectively. The samples were placed into 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes and stored in the freezer at −17° C. until the day of use. All the standards, blanks and samples were taken in replicate and averages were obtained.

Melatonin is a major factor in the circadian rhythm in mammals. Extensive research has shown that different light cycles effect melatonin production. This trial was conducted to determine the effect of lights as described herein on bovine melatonin levels.

The data in FIG. 20 shows that the bovine melatonin levels increased by 20.79% with longer exposure to lights as described herein. After exposure to lights as described herein (Option 12 in Table 4 at 1100 Ma) for approximately 92 hours a significant increase of 20.79% was observed. The preliminary data would indicate that different lighting recipes can result in direct regulation over melatonin levels in bovine.

Example 3—Genetic Expression and Hormonal Excretion Found in Pigs

In another example, the light inputs of the systems and methods described herein affect genetic expression and hormonal excretion found in pigs. In both gilts and sows, seasonal infertility has many important economic impacts. Reduced farrowing rates are a result of increased numbers of gilts and sows returning to oestrus and insemination and a higher proportion of spontaneous abortions occurring from breedings completed during late summer and early autumn. This results in inefficient use of facilities and a decreased number of piglets being produced. Additionally, smaller litter sizes, increased time from weaning to oestrus and delayed puberty in gilts expected to mature between August and November in the northern hemisphere has been associated with long days. All of these factors contribute to the animal's non-productive days.

Example 4—Regulation of Circadian Rhythm in Mammals

In yet another example of light inputs and circadian rhythms affecting human genetic expression and hormonal excretion can be found in the spring forward effects from daylight savings time (DST). These affects are widespread and from modern research show effects ranging from a 10% increased myocardial infarction risk, 8% increased risk of cerebrovascular accidents, increase in suicides, and decreased in-vitro fertilization successes.

Example 5—Regulation of Circadian Rhythm in Mammals

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, pulsed alternating photos were used to regulate melatonin production in cattle. Manipulating light exposure at strategic points in the life cycle of cattle is a non-invasive technique to improve performance, health, and well-being. A small-scale study was conducted in Greeley, Colo. to compare the hormonal (melatonin and cortisol) and neurotransmitter (serotonin) levels in cattle exposed to pulsed photons using the system and methods disclosed herein vs. unexposed control calves.

Holstein heifer calves (3 days old) were housed individually in polyethylene hutches with a front yard of 2.25 m2 with sand bedding and assigned into 1 of 2 treatments: (1) control (CON; n=4); and (2) pulsed photon exposed (PAWS; n=4). Hutches in the PAWS group had interior LED lamps affixed to the hutch roof and were constantly on. All the study calves had free access to the enclosed front yard. Calves were fed and managed according to farm management program. Blood samples were collected for determination of serum melatonin and serotonin concentration at 0600 h, 1200 h, 1800 h, and 2400 h on d0 (enrolment), d2, d4, and d14. Hair was sampled for cortisol determination on day 0, day 14, day 40, and day 60. No group differences for cortisol concentration were determined. Table 5 below presents mean (SE) melatonin and serotonin serum concentrations for the overall monitoring period, by day, and by day at 2400 hour, which was the time of maximum exposure to the treatment. Data from this initial small-scale study indicate a significant effect for PAWS on melatonin concentration versus the control.

TABLE 5 Melatonin Serotonin (mean SE; pg/mL) (mean SE; ng/mL) Time CON PAWS P-value CON PAWS P-value Overall 5.47 ± 1.86 11.6 ± 1.85 0.02  1644 ± 91.5  1,462 ± 91.6 0.16 Day average d 0 2.66 ± 2.08 9.98 ± 2.08 0.02 1,406 ± 118 1,268 ± 119 0.42 d 2 4.58 ± 2.27 10.3 ± 2.27 0.08 1,926 ± 196 1,850 ± 196 0.78 d 4 4.99 ± 2.36 9.80 ± 2.36 0.16 1,369 ± 192 1,279 ± 192 0.74 d 14 9.10 ± 6.80 17.0 ± 6.80 0.41 1,870 ± 172 1,458 ± 172 0.10 Sample at 2400 h d 0 4.56 ± 7.66 22.6 ± 7.66 0.14 1,781 ± 311 1,458 ± 311 0.49 d 2 5.13 ± 7.13 23.7 ± 7.13 0.11 2,700 ± 405 2,543 ± 405 0.79 d 4 10.1 ± 9.06 20.8 ± 9.07 0.43 2,169 ± 470 1,758 ± 470 0.55 d 14 4.45 ± 9.62 15.4 ± 8.33 0.43 1,803 ± 320 1,925 ± 277 0.78

Example 6—Total Weight of Cherry Tomatoes Produced

In another example, dwarf, determinate cherry tomatoes where grown under a control and a light emitting device of the current method. Seeds were planted and plants were grown for 89 days and fruit harvested. Seeds were planted in pots with Miracle Grow® potting soil with 20 pots per tent/trial with one recipe lighting program per tent with ebb and flow irrigation. Soil pH, humidity and temperatures levels were maintained at a consistent level in all eight tents of the trial. FIG. 21 shows a comparison of total weight in grams of cherry tomato fruit produced under two lighting schemes.

In Column 1, labeled “T5”, tomatoes were grown under a T5 conventional grow light. Wattage was 406 at a 116 voltage with a power factor of 0.9.

In Column 2, labeled “AB 3.19”, tomatoes were grown under the lighting system provided herein using LED light emitters with emitters located at 18 inches from the pots. Wattage was 249 at a 120 voltage with a power factor of 0.62. The recipe of “AB 3.19” includes: A first initiation component that comprises a wavelength at 445 nm with an intensity of 30%, a wavelength of 465 nm with an intensity of 38%, a wavelength of 395 nm with an intensity of 25% and a second initiation component with a wavelength of 660 nm at an intensity 150%. A reset component with a wavelength of 740 nm with an intensity of 100%. The initiation components are ON for a duration, such as 50 us, followed by an OFF duration where both components are OFF for 50 us and then the reset component is ON for a duration of 50 us and then both components are OFF for 50 us and then the signal repeats.

As shown in FIG. 21 , the T5 Control tent produced 327 grams of tomato fruit, while plants grown under the 3.19 lighting produced 1049.8 grams of fruit or a 312% increase over the T5 lighting.

Example 7—Total Weight of Cherry Tomatoes Produced

In another example, dwarf, determinate cherry tomatoes may be grown under a control and a light emitting device of the current method. Seeds may be planted and plants grown for 89 days and fruit harvested. Seeds were planted in pots with Miracle Grow® potting soil with 20 pots per tent/trial with one recipe lighting program per tent with ebb and flow irrigation.

Tomatoes may be grown under the lighting system provided herein using LED light emitters with emitters located at 18 inches from the pots. Wattage was 249 at a 120 voltage with a power factor of 0.62. The recipe includes: A first initiation component that comprises an ultraviolet wavelength with an intensity of 60% and a reset component with an ultraviolet wavelength with an intensity of 100%. The initiation components are ON for a duration, such as 50 ms, followed by an OFF duration where both components are OFF for 50 ms and then the reset component is ON for a duration of 50 ms and then both components are OFF for 50 ms and then the signal repeats allowing the plant to increase the amount of blanching in each plant.

Example 8—Shrimp Growth

In another example of the method of the current disclosure, shrimp were grown under the lighting of current disclosure and a control.

As shown in FIG. 22 , four grow tanks were provided with 30 shrimp per tank, with White Leg Pacific Shrimp (L. vannamei) as the testing variety. All shrimp were of the same variety and the same age. Shrimp were grown in 4× Glasscages (Dickson, Tenn.) Custom 30 Gallon Glass Aquarium (with Drain) and overflow.

Shrimp were reared in one tank until size of approximately 1 cm was reached. At 1 cm 30 shrimp were randomly harvested and placed into one of four groups. Three (3) photon pulse recipe treatment groups and one (1) control group. The treatment groups were grown under one of three options shown in Table 4 (Option 1, Option 2 and Option 17) or one (1) control t5 fluorescent light fixture. Shrimp growth rate was observed and qualitatively evaluated on a weekly basis for 10 weeks. During this time shrimp were fed Zeigler Raceway three and SI Grower feed. The amount of feed each tank received was approximated using a feed to consumed time interval (one minute from food fed until completely consumed) and adjusted accordingly. Eheim auto feed timers were used to insure shrimp were fed the same amount of food in 3 equal portions daily. At the end of the 10-week trial period shrimp were toweled off and weight on a balance and recorded for each treatment group. Pictures were taken of each tank population compared to a ruler for visual size comparison. Trial was terminated early due to cannibalism in treatment group 2.

The first column shows the average weight of the 30 shrimp in grams when grown under a photon signal of the Option 17 with an initiation component with a UV aspect and a reset component with far red.

The second column shows the average weight of the 30 shrimp in grams when grown under a photon signal of the Option 1 with an initiation component with a grow recipe and a reset component with far red.

The third column shows the average weight of the 30 shrimp in grams when grown under a photon signal of the Option 2 with an initiation component with a sexual maturity recipe and a reset component with far red.

Column four shows the average weight of the 30 shrimp in grams when grown under a T5 fluorescent light.

As shown in FIG. 22 , the shrimp grown under the lighting method of the current disclosure (shown in columns 1-3) showed significantly more weight in grams than shrimp grown under the T5 fluorescent lamp.

Example 9—Shrimp Growth

In another example of the method of the current disclosure, shrimp may be grown under the lighting of current disclosure and a control. Shrimp may be grown under a growth recipe of a far red excitation component and a reset component with far red allowing shrimp grown under the lighting method of the current disclosure to show more weight in grams than shrimp grown under the T5 fluorescent lamp.

Example 10—Stitching Recipes—Bird Growth to Egg Production

In another example of the current disclosure, photon signal recipes may be changed over time to produce different biological responses in an organism. By way of example in chickens, for a day old poulet, the young bird may be illuminated or radiated by a grow recipe that may include an initiation component that is pulsed with all colors and a second initiation component that is blue followed by a reset component of far red that is designed to increase the bird's desire to eat without inducing sexual maturity. The bird is illuminated on a 24-hour period with a target intensity of the signal 200 mW.

Once the bird reaches a target weight, such a 2.8 lbs., the bird is moved to a layer house where it is illuminated in a photon signal for a 17-hour period with a signal designed to induce the bird to reach sexual maturity and to produce eggs. The second photon signal recipe is composed of a near red initiation component and a far-red reset component with an intensity of 200 mW for one week and then 110 mW.

Once egg production from the bird begins to dip, a third photon signal recipe is directed toward the bird where the reset component contains a second or third photon pulse prior to the repeat of the photon signal (shown in Option 13 and FIG. 23 ).

FIG. 23 provides an example of increased egg production over time by stitching recipes. As shown in FIG. 23 , egg production in a bird begins at week 18 and increased overtime with a peak production in week 25. A dip in production is seen in week 26, however in week 29 the receipt of the photon signal is changed to add a second pulse of far red in the reset component (shown in FIG. 17 ), thus inducing a second increase in egg production from the bird.

Example 11—Stitching Recipes—Egg Production to Second Egg Production

In another example of the current disclosure, FIG. 24 shows birds at ages 34 weeks radiated under lighting option 1 and compared with a poultry light from Once Innovations, Inc. As shown in FIG. 24 , once egg production from the bird begins to dip at week 38, a second photon signal recipe is directed toward the bird where the reset component contains a second or third photon pulse prior to the repeat of the photon signal (shown in Option 13 and FIG. 24 verse) with an increase in egg production from week 38 to 39.

Example 12—Stitching Recipes—Mammal Growth to Milk Production

In another example of the current disclosure, photon signal recipes may be changed over time to produce different biological responses in an organism. By way of example in cattle, for a day old calf, the young calf may be illuminated or radiated by a grow recipe that may include an initiation component that is pulsed with all colors and a second initiation component that is blue followed by a reset component of far red that is designed to increase the calf's desire to milk without inducing sexual maturity. The calf is illuminated on a 24-hour period with a target intensity of the signal 200 mW.

Once the calf reaches a target weight or age, the calf is moved to a dairy house for milk production where it is illuminated in a photon signal for a shortened period with a photon signal designed to induce the calf to reach sexual maturity and to begin to produce milk or lactate. The second photon signal recipe is composed of a near red initiation component and a far-red reset component with an intensity of 200 mW for one week and then 110 mW.

Example 13—Stitching Recipes—Plant Vegetative Growth and Flower Production

In another example of the current disclosure, photon signal recipes may be changed over time to produce different biological responses in an organism. By way of example in plants, such as petunias, once a cutting has been rooted and is ready for vegetative production, the plant may be illuminated or radiated by a grow recipe that may include an initiation component that is composed of near red wavelengths with blue wavelengths and followed by a reset component of far red that is designed to increase vegetative growth. The plant is illuminated on a 24-hour period with a target intensity of the signal 100 mW.

Once the plant reaches a target size, the photon recipe can be adjusted to a recipe to induce flower production where it is illuminated in a photon signal for a 24-hour period with a photon signal. The second photon signal recipe is composed of an initiation component in a combination of blue and near red and a far-red reset component with an intensity of 150 mW.

Example 14—Bump Feeding

In another example, bump feeding may be used to encourage eating by an organism, even in a photon signal recipe designed for sexual maturity, egg laying or other desired biological. In this example, the term bump feeding is when the LED light is turned off in the middle of a lighting recipe for a brief period of time, creating an entirely dark environment for the organism with no external light. By way of example, for a bird under a photon signal for laying eggs, with a 17-hour exposure period, one to four times during the 17-hour period, the LED lights are turned off for a period of one to ten minutes and then turned on again. This triggers a supplemental excitation of the bird's photoreceptors and induces the birds to eat. While birds are used in this example, it will be understood by one skilled in the art that bump feeding as described above can also be applied to other organisms, such as plants, mammals, fish, reptiles, crustaceans and others.

Example 15—Intensity Data

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the intensity of the initiation and the reset components can be adjusted based on the needs of the organism. FIG. 31 provides a basic example of this concept with a graph of a single component of far red with a shift of intensity from 100% to 50%.

This is further shown in FIG. 24 which shows egg production over time with a recipe change at week 37 where the intensity of the receipt was changed from 100% to 30% which led to stimulating birds to increase in egg production.

Example 16—Adjusting the Relationship of Components within a Signal to Account for Changes in Environment

In another example of the current disclosure, changes in the environment, such as temperature and barometric pressure, can have on effect upon the biological response of an organism. In order to maintain the consistency and optimization of the effect of a desired biological response, the initiation and reset components of a photon signal may be adjusted in in order to maintain the desired response or the photon signal recipe may be changed or stitched to account for the environmental change, such as changing the components of a photon signal from ovulation to a photon signal that will encourage eating in the case of an approaching winter storm.

Aliasing

In another embodiment of the current disclosure, photon signal recipes may be emitted toward an organism to influence the organism's temporal awareness. By way of example, photon signal recipes can be emitted toward an organism to replicate sunset, sunrise or the sun at midday, with these time frames designed to replicate sunset on August 1^(st) at a specific location, such as Manhattan, Kans., while the organism is actually located in Miami, Fla. This allows for the replication of a specific lighting spectrum that would be received by an organism at a specific time, on a specific date, at a specific location. This can allow for photoperiod specific organisms, such as corn, to be grown in locations in different seasons than would normally take place in an external environment.

The current disclosure accomplishes this by using aliasing to induce the organism that it is receiving a light spectrum that mimics what the organism would expect at a certain location during a specific season. By pulsing a spectrum with certain color spectrums for specific periods (24 hours, 18 hours, 17, hours, 16 hours, 14, hours, 12 hours, 10 hours, 9 hours, 8, hours, 6 hours) allows for aliasing to mimic a specific photoperiod that can induce the organism into a specific biological response, such as growth, sexual maturity, ovulation, egg production and others.

Aliasing refers to the distortion or artifact that results when the signal reconstructed from samples is different from the original continuous signal. Aliasing occurs in signals sampled in time or in spatially sampled signals. Aliasing is a phenomenon that happens when a signal is sampled at less than the double of the highest frequency contained in the signal. FIGS. 25-30 show examples of a signal with a single frequency f that is sampled at a frequency fs. FIGS. 25-30 and discussed below show the signal in the time domain and the sampling points.

Sinusoids are an important type of periodic function, because realistic signals are often modeled as the summation of many sinusoids of different frequencies and different amplitudes (for example, with a Fourier series or transform). Understanding what aliasing does to the individual sinusoids is useful in understanding what happens to their sum.

The plot shown in FIG. 25 depicts a set of samples whose sample-interval is 1. As shown in FIG. 11 , the x axis is time, for example, a ten second period, the y-axis is amplitude from 0 to 1. The sample-rate or temporal (spatial, world or environmental) awareness of an organism in this case is f=1. For example, if the interval is one (1) second, the rate is one (1) sample by the organism per second. Ten cycles of the dotted line sinusoid (f) are shown and one (1) cycle of the solid line sinusoid (fs) span an interval of ten (10 samples, showing the interaction or temporal awareness of an organism with the sinusoid (f). The corresponding number of cycles per sample are f=1 and fs=1.1. If these samples were produced by sampling functions cos(2π(1.0)x−θ) and cos(2π(1.1)x−Ø), they could also have been produced by the trigonometrically identical functions cos(2π(−1.0)x+θ) and cos(2π(−1.1)x+Ø) which introduces the useful concept of negative frequency.

The examples of FIGS. 25-30 show a frequency input as a sinusoidal signal. As one skilled in the art would understand, the input photon signal may be comprised of one or many periodic waveforms, including but not limited to, square wave, saw tooth wave, triangle wave or any other periodic function. It should be noted that the periodic waveform may be a single type of periodic function or a combination of one or more different types of periodic functions with or without pauses and sequences of periodic functions mixed with or without pauses. One skilled in the art would also understand that while the figures and examples below are presented in the time domain, they could also be referenced in the frequency domain as well.

As shown in FIG. 25 , two different sinusoids are provided that fit the same set of samples or organism check-ins with the surrounding world. When fs<2f, the sampled frequency signal of 1.1f appears to have a different frequency than the original input frequency.

As shown in FIG. 26 , when fs<2f, the sampled frequency signal of 1.9f appears to have a different frequency than the original input frequency.

In general, when a sinusoid of frequency f is sampled with frequency fs, the resulting number of cycles per sample is f/fs (known as normalized frequency), and the samples are indistinguishable from those of another sinusoid (called an alias) whose normalized frequency differs from f/fs by any integer (positive or negative). Adding an integer number of cycles between the samples of a sinusoid has no effect on the values at the sample points. This is the essence of aliasing. Replacing negative frequency sinusoids by their equivalent positive frequency representations, we can express all the aliases of frequency f as f_(alias)(N)^(def)|f−Nfs|, for any integer N with f_(alias)(0)=f being the true value, and N has units of cycles per sample. Then the N=1 alias off is fs (and vice versa).

As shown in FIG. 27 , when fs>2f or fs=2f, the sampled frequency signal of 2.0f appears to have the same frequency as the original input frequency or signal.

As shown in FIG. 28 , when fs>2f or fs=2f, when the sampled frequency signal of the of 2.0f appears to have the same frequency as the original input frequency.

If you lower the sampling frequency below fs=2f, the sampled signal appears to have a different frequency. This effect is called aliasing and it also happens when you watch wheels spinning so fast that it appears that they are moving slowly in the other direction (the Wagon-wheel effect).

In general, a signal with frequency fi after sampling could have been obtained by the sampling of signals with frequency, f

fi=|f−N*fs|

Where N is any integer. Then, with N=1, the alias with frequency 0.1f comes from sampling at frequencies 0.9f(fi=|f−0.9*f|=|0.1*f|) or 1.1f (fi=|f−1.1*f|=|0.1*f|). Likewise, the alias with zero frequency comes from sampling cases:

fs=1f,N=1:|f−1*1f|=0

fs=0.5f,N=2:|f−2*0.5f|=0

fs=0.2f,N=5″|f−5*0.2f|=0

A photon signal is normally composed of two, three or more frequencies, and this effect can be analyzed individually for each of them.

As will be discussed in further detail below, by applying aliasing to an organism, biological chemicals, hormones, proteins and biological responses of an organism may be controlled and regulated, including but not limited to, in the form of chemical products and biological functions.

If a function x(t) contains no frequencies higher than B hertz, it is completely determined by giving its ordinates at a series of points spaced 1/(2B) seconds apart. Therefore, if you sample a signal with bandwidth B at a frequency lower than 2B, aliasing exists. This condition is known as not meeting the Nyquist criterion. You have two ways of looking at it:

-   -   a. For a given signal with bandwidth B, you must sample at less         than the Nyquist rate, which is 2B to cause aliasing     -   b. At a given sampling frequency fs, the signal to be sampled         must have a bandwidth larger than the Nyquist frequency, which         is fs/2 to cause aliasing.

When light is used as the periodic function (frequency input) and it is intentionally pulsed where fs<2f is true, you can give a new perceived input to biological targets. Because there is no such thing as a negative intensity (amplitude) the above figures have been rectified to remove all negative parts of the frequency input.

As shown in FIG. 29 , two different sinusoids are shown that fit the same set of samples with the negative portion of the frequency input removed. When fs<2f, the sampled frequency signal of 1.1f appears to have a different frequency than the original input frequency.

A shown in FIG. 30 , two different sinusoids that fit the same set of samples with the negative portion of the frequency input removed. When fs<2f, the sampled frequency signal of 1.9f appears to have a different frequency than the original input frequency.

The intentionally aliased light input of a target or targets may include, but are not limited to, light-induced conformational changes of proteins, molecules, or chemicals. These targets may include, but are not limited to, general proteins, DNA, hormonally active proteins and chemical molecules, carrier proteins, neurotransmitters, G-protein bound photoreceptors, pigment containing molecules (i.e. phytochrome, cryptochromes, chromophores, etc.), photosystems, chlorophylls, cytochromes carotenoids, cell wall/membrane proteins, organic molecules, fluorophores, and vitamins. These substances can be found in organisms, such as plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and humans. These molecules can undergo conformational changes in the setting of the appropriate light stimuli.

The resulting effect on a biological function may include but is not limited, to fertility, ovulation, hunger, egg production, growth, sexual maturity, milk production, behavior and socialization, root, tissue or hyphal growth, vegetative growth, flower or fruiting body production, fruit, spore or seed production, stopping growth, elongation of a specific plant part, repairing an organism or destruction of the organism and interpolation of circadian inputs. Examples include, but are not limited to; creating electro-magnetic wave emission pulse trains (photons) of individual color spectrums in sufficient intensity to drive photochemical response in an organism to control a biological function, using a characteristic frequency or pattern to minimize the required input power necessary to stimulate, while also allowing for the monitoring of the power consumption and other variables of the system.

As used herein, “light stimuli” may include, but is not limited to, visible light or other “non-visible” parts of the electromagnetic spectrum such as infrared or ultraviolet. These light stimuli molecules may then be able to return to their initial state via “natural” or light-induced stimulation as in bi-phasic molecules, or in some instances, for example DNA, may result in a heritable change. Thus, the light-induced conformational change of proteins, molecules, and chemicals can be returned to the natural state via a “reset substrate”.

Light sensitive molecule+reset substrate=Product timing(P _(t)) and/or Product level(P _(l))  a.

By aliasing the frequency input, a new perceived signal can be sent to the target or targets, and when appropriate, stimulating the secondary receptor pathway of bi-phasic molecules by changing and controlling the rate at which the signal is being sent. By modifying the rate at which these proteins undergo conformational change, different results, products, growth characteristics, blood levels, behavior modifications, and circadian rhythms can be controlled, adjusted or made. This allows for control over certain organismic physiological processes.

By way of example, it is generally accepted that an organism, including, but not limited to, plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, bacteria and fungi, is able to periodically check in (sample frequency) with its environment to sense wavelength and intensity of light. This is most likely based on a ratio of near and far red wavelengths in most instances. It is also known that sampling by an organism replicates the color spectrum of the original signal at distance multiples of the sampling frequency. If an extremely high input frequency of pulsating light is directed at the organism, it is possible to alias, modify and control the organisms' normal sampling frequencies. This is shown in the growth of kalanchoe plants. A kalanchoe is normally considered to be a short-day flowering plant, meaning that it usually requires less than eight (8) hours of light in a 24-hour period to cause flowering to set. Using the aliasing technique provided herein, it is possible to leave the pulsing lights on all the time and still initiate the setting of flowers in the kalanchoe by adjusting the input frequency signal to the plant so that when the plant samples the signal, the plant believes it is time to set flowers. Similarly, it is standard practice to light poultry layers for 18 hours a day to maximize the number of eggs produced. Using the aliasing technique, it has been shown that egg production can increase over the standard 16-18-hour lighting cycle by lighting the birds all the time with the proper aliased signal.

For many types of organisms, biological functions are based on a day/night cycle. For example, as winter approaches egg laying decreases with many if not most species of organisms. To combat the decrease in egg production, artificial light is often used in egg laying facilities to recreate or mimic a longer day length as opposed to night. Artificial light is often used throughout the chicken production process including but not limited to breeder houses, hatcheries, and broiler houses, to promote organism growth and egg production.

ALIASING EXAMPLES Example 17—Poultry Long Day and Short Day Photoperiods to Induce Hunger and Ovulation

As previously discussed, in another example of the current disclosure, photon signal recipes may be used to mimic the photoperiod of a specific location at a specific time period and changed to mimic a different photoperiod to induce different biological responses in an organism. By way of example in chickens, for a day old poulet, the young bird may be illuminated or radiated by a grow recipe to mimic a long day photoperiod to induce hunger and growth. The photo signal may include an initiation component that is pulsed with all colors and a second initiation component that is blue followed by a reset component of far red that is designed to mimic the long day photoperiods to increase the bird's desire to eat without inducing sexual maturity.

Once the bird reaches a target weight, such a 2.5 lbs., the bird may be moved to a layer house where it is illuminated in a photon signal for a 17-hour photoperiod with a signal designed to induce the bird to reach sexual maturity and to produce eggs. The second photon signal recipe is composed of a near red initiation component and a far-red reset component with an intensity of 200 mW for one week and then 110 mW.

Example 18—Long Day and Short Day Photoperiods to Induce Growth, Flowering and Seed Production in Corn in Ames, Iowa

In another example of the current disclosure, photon signal recipes may be used to mimic the photoperiods for corn grown in Ames, Iowa. For example, corn may be grown in a warehouse in Calgary, Alberta in January but by using aliasing, the plant may be grown to mimic growth patterns in May, flowering in July and seed production in August in Ames, Iowa. Young corn plants may be illuminated or radiated by a grow recipe to mimic a long day photoperiods of May in Ames, Iowa, and with the plant periodically checking, the photon signal will induce the plant to think it is May and will induce growth. The photo signal may then be adjusted to mimic the photoperiods of July in Ames, thus inducing the plant to begin flower production and then adjusted to mimic August photoperiods to initiate seed production.

Example 19—Long Day Photoperiods to Induce Growth, Flowering and Seed Production in Wheat in Lincoln, Nebr.

In another example of the current disclosure, photon signal recipes may be used to mimic the photoperiods for wheat grown in Lincoln, Nebr. For example, wheat may be grown in a warehouse in Miami, Fla. in August but by using aliasing, the plant may be grown to mimic growth patterns in May, flowering in July and seed production in August in Lincoln, Nebr. Young wheat plants may be illuminated or radiated by a grow recipe to mimic a long day photoperiods of May in Lincoln, Nebr., and with the plant periodically checking, the photon signal will induce the plant to think it is May and will induce growth. The photo signal may then be adjusted to mimic the photoperiods of July in Lincoln, thus inducing the plant to begin flower production and then adjusted to mimic August photoperiods to initiate seed production.

Example 20—Short Day Photoperiods to Induce Bract Production in Poinsettia in Mexico City, Mexico

In another example of the current disclosure, photon signal recipes may be used to mimic the short-day photoperiods for poinsettia grown in Mexico City, Mexico. For example, poinsettias may be grown in a warehouse in Denver, Colo. in July but by using aliasing, the plant may be grown to mimic color bract production that is commonly desired in winter for poinsettias. Poinsettias need short photoperiods with 12 hours of darkness to induce production of colored bracts, such as red, pink and white. Mature poinsettia plants may be illuminated or radiated by a leaf production recipe to mimic 12 hour short day photoperiods and with the plant periodically checking, the pulsed repetitive photon signal will induce the plant to think it is winter in Mexico and will induce the plant to produce colored bracts.

Example 21—Aliasing Circadian Rhythm in Mammals

As discussed above, long day photoperiod exposed lactating cattle produced higher milk yield due to lower melatonin concentrations and higher prolactin concentration, whereas short day photoperiod during the dry period of multiparous cows enhances milk production in the following lactation. The use of aliasing allows for the mimic of photoperiods in a specific time of year at a specific location. For example, use of aliasing allows for the mimic of long day photoperiods of a cow in Greeley, Colo. to use the pulsed emission of photons from an LED light to mimic photoperiods in February and March that allows cows to check in to their environment and to be induced to produce milk but shortly thereafter allow for the photon recipe to be changed to recipes with mimic the long day photoperiods of July and August to induce ovulation.

Example 22—Short Day Photoperiods Vegetative Growth and Long Day Photoperiods to Induce Fruiting Body Production in Agaricus bisporus

In another example of the current disclosure, photon signal recipes may be used to mimic mushroom production in Corvallis, Oreg. For example, fungal mycelium may be grown in a warehouse in Marquette, Mich. in December but by using aliasing, full mushroom production may be accomplished. Agaricus bisporus mycelium may be radiated with short photoperiod photon pulses allowing the mycelium to check in with its environment and convinced to produce vegetative growth. Once the mycelium has completely encompassed its substrate, the photon recipe may be adjusted to mimic a long day photoperiod identical to Corvallis, Oreg. in June, inducing the mycelium to produce fruit bodies.

An additional example embodiment to the methods, systems and apparatuses described herein may include less heat creation: LED lighting intrinsically creates less heat than conventional grow lights. When LED lights are used in a dosing application, they are ON less than they are OFF. This creates an environment with nominal heat production from the LED lights. This is not only beneficial in terms of not having to use energy to evacuate the heat from the system, but is beneficial to the organism because lighting may also be used to reduce animal stress or calm the animal while also reducing the risk of burning the organism.

The foregoing description of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and other modifications and variations may be possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention in various embodiments and various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the appended claims be construed to include other alternative embodiments of the invention except insofar as limited by the prior art. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for inducing a desired biological response in an organism, wherein the method comprises: identifying the desired biological response of the organism; providing a controller; providing at least one LED light in communication with said controller, wherein said at least one LED light receives a command from said controller for a desired biological response from said organism; providing a repetitive signal that is capable of being emitted from said at least one LED light, wherein the signal comprises at least two photon components, wherein the first component is a biological response initiation component that is comprised of at least one single color spectrum within 50 nm of the peak absorption of a photoreceptor of an organism corresponding to the desired biological response; and wherein the second component is a reset component comprised of a single color spectrum within 50 nm of the peak absorption of a photoreceptor of the organism corresponding to the reset of the desired biological response of the organism through the stimulation and reset of the photoreceptor associated with the desired response; and emitting said signal from said at least one LED light toward the organism, wherein the relationship between the first component and the second component of said signal induces the desired biological response of the organism.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said photon signal is directed to a photoreceptor biphasic molecule of said organism.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the biphasic molecule is chosen from a chromophore, cryptochromes, hormones, periods, billins, opsins, certain amino acids or a phytochrome.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein said first component initiates the excitation of said biphasic molecule and the second component initiates the reset of the biphasic molecule.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein said biological response is chosen from fertility, ovulation, hunger, egg production, sexual maturity, milk production, hormone production, behavior and socialization, root, tissue or hyphal growth, vegetative growth, flower or fruiting body production, fruit, spore or seed production, stopping growth, elongation of a specific plant part, repairing an organism or destruction of the organism and interpolation of circadian inputs.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said photon signal further comprises a third or more component.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said third or more component initiates a second or more desired biological response.
 8. The method of claim 6, where said third or more component is in constant illumination.
 9. The method of claim 1, the method further comprising: monitoring the organism; and changing the photon signal directed to said organism to produce a different desired biological response.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first component and the second component each have one or more intensities.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the intensity of the photon signal is between 5% and 200%.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the intensity is tuned specifically to the desired biological response.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first component and the second component each have one or more wavelength colors.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein said one or more wavelength colors is chosen from the group comprising near red, far-red, blue, infra-red, yellow, orange, and ultra-violet.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the first component and the second component each have at least one ON duration between 0.01 microseconds and 5000 microseconds.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said at least one ON duration is between 0.01 microseconds and 999 microseconds.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein said at least one ON duration is between 999 microseconds and 99 milliseconds.
 18. The method of claim 15, wherein said at least one ON duration is between 99 milliseconds and 999 milliseconds.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the first component and the second component each have an OFF duration between 0.1 microseconds and 24 hours.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the timing of initiation of the rise of the ON duration of second component is after the fall of the ON duration of the first component.
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the LED light is turned off for a period of 1 to 10 minutes and then the LED light is turned back on and the emission of said repetitive photon signal is repeated.
 22. The method of claim 1, further comprising: monitoring the biological response produced by said organism; and adjusting the photon signal from said and the relationship of initiation component and the reset component to improve the organism's biological response.
 23. The method of claim 1, further comprising placing a light meter under the LED light, wherein the light meter receives the photon signal emitted by the LED light. 24.-106. (canceled)
 107. A system for inducing a desired biological response in an organism, wherein the system comprises: a controller; and at least one light emitting device, LED light, in communication with the controller; wherein the system is configured to: send, from the controller, a command to the at least one LED light, wherein the command is configured to cause the at least one LED light to emit a repetitive photon signal comprising a first component and a second component; and emit, from the at least one LED light, the repetitive photon signal toward the organism in order to induce and reset the desired biological response of the organism, wherein the first component comprises at least one single color spectrum within 50 nm of a first peak absorption of a photoreceptor of the organism which initiates the desired biological response, and wherein the second component comprises a single-color spectrum within 50 nm of a second peak absorption of the photoreceptor which resets the desired biological response.
 108. A computer readable medium comprising instructions, which when executed by one or more of the processors of a system comprising a controller and at least one light emitting device, LED light, cause the system to: send, from the controller, a command to the at least one LED light, wherein the command is configured to cause the at least one LED light to emit a repetitive photon signal comprising at least two initiation components and at least one reset component; and emit, from the at least one LED light, the repetitive photon signal toward an organism in order to induce and reset a desired biological response of the organism, wherein the at least two initiation components each comprises at least one single color spectrum within 50 nm of a first peak absorption of a photoreceptor of the organism which initiates the desired biological response, and wherein the at least one reset component comprises a single-color spectrum within 50 nm of a second peak absorption of the photoreceptor which resets the desired biological response. 109-117. (canceled) 